2001;51:8596. Wallingford: CABI Pub; 2002. reviewed and edited the GHG emission parts, M.G. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263977/world-grain-production-by-type/, http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085010, http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:825546/FULLTEXT01.pdf, http://news.irri.org/2015/05/small-farmers-large-field-scheme.html, http://ricetoday.irri.org/piloting-the-vietnamese-small-farmers-large-field-scheme-in-eastern-india/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.10.013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.07.020, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145268, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09742-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387689-8.00001-1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118835, https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering2040033, http://www.asiaglobalcommodities.com/product/rice.html, http://www.ecoinvent.org/partners/resellers/implementation-of-ecoinvent-3/implementation-of-ecoinvent-3.html, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53072-x, https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/corrigenda11.html, https://www.pre-sustainability.com/simapro, https://www.blonkconsultants.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/fertilizer_production-D03.pdf, https://ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/IPCC-Emissions-Factor-Database, https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2017.1413926, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Editor's choice: agronomy and climate change. Greenland DJ. Wartmann FM, Purves RS. Biol Conserv. A landscape ethnoecological approach was chosen to undertake this study. In the rice fields, animals eat or damage rice plants, thus having a detrimental impact on rice plant growth and yields. Farmers reported frequently choosing rice fields near the village to save on travel time and avoid long distances for rice transportation. Agrofor Syst. (International Rice Research Institute, Los Baos, Philippines, 2008). Furthermore, larger rocks in the fields were recognised as a lost area for rice planting. Long Lamai village, which has about 500 inhabitants, is home to the Penan ethnic group [33]. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2014. Cham: Springer; 2019. p. 18197. Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition - PubMed Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. In the end, one sustainable system for growing rice may look very different from another, depending on the local climate and scale. Manpower was calculated based on the metabolic equivalent of task (MET), which is the ratio of human metabolic rate when performing an activity to the metabolic rate at rest, and on a labor energy conversion factor37, with the assumption that the mean weight of a Vietnamese is 55kg. Data were collected by the first author during a three-month field trip to Long Lamai and Long Banga in early 2020. Harvesting in all treatment plots was done using combine harvesters (Kubota DC-70). The findings indicated that the indigenous farmers in Long Lamai and Long Banga not only perceived environmental problems in the RAEs, but social and agricultural technology system problems as well, often with several complex and interrelated causes. Since ecological processes can take place across different spatial scales [72, 73], our study provided a broader view of perceived problems in RAEs by using the surrounding landscape elements and microzones in the rice fields as analytical units. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. In Sustainable rice straw management (eds Gummert, M. et al.) To cope with hot temperatures, landscape elements of tree and vegetation patches and fallow land reduced the problem by offering shade in which farmers can rest. Gantuya B, Avar , Babai D, Molnr , Molnr Z. In the US, farmers have increasingly been implementing these practices. Field Crops Res. Hosen N, Nakamura H, Hamzah A. The conversion factors reported in Ecoinvent (2019)34 were used to estimate the energy of the related materials and processes (Table 3). https://doi.org/10.5642/envirolabasia.20170101.08. https://ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/IPCC-Emissions-Factor-Database (2013). reducing the social, environmental and climate footprint of rice production. (2020) found for Long Lamai and Long Banga that the traditional strategies for coping with environmental disturbances and uncertainties in the villages are based on adaptive management and aim to maintain ecosystem and community resilience [40]. Lett. Thus, if farmers had no land near the village, some mentioned borrowing land to have the rice field closer. Before the harvest, farmers blow the water out of the wet rice field, allowing them to move easily through it. Agric. http://news.irri.org/2015/05/small-farmers-large-field-scheme.html (2015). This is because it consumes a larger share of available freshwater resources, competing with varied ecosystems as well as other economic sectors; its paddy fields are responsible for . Other methods mentioned for controlling animal disturbances included installing a net to capture birds, guarding the rice field, setting animal traps and hunting for animals. J Arid Environ. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/land6040079. Topographic elements were mentioned by participants in the form of valleys and hills. In addition, there are concerns about the effects of intensification of cereal cropping on biodiversity6. This can result in the intrusion of weedy plants into the burnt area and rice field. Geoderma 235236, 355362. Philippines Ecol Soc. 2018;55:246172. Farmers also associated primary forests with fertile soil. Early, healthy plant establishment, reduced plant competition provided by spacing, improved soils that support the plants, and water management work together in a system that draws inspiration from natures interconnected processes. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0328-x. In: Barker G, Janowski M, editors. Seed will not grow. Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. A call to ecologists: measuring, analyzing, and managing ecosystem services. 2), in Sarawak, Malaysia, which is a landscape that has a multi-ethnic population. The problem could lead to patches of poor rice plant growth and yield differences in the field. Natl. Vo, T. B. T. et al. Lima A, Hoogmoed WB, Brussaard L, Sacco dos Anjos F. Farmers assessment of soil quality in rice production systems. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. Article NJAS Wageningen J Life Sci. 2021;17:27991. Farr TG, Rosen PA, Caro E, Crippen R, Duren R, Hensley S, et al. To address the problem of poor soil quality, farmers stated that such sites are avoided during land selection. Hossen, A. et al. In comparison with direct seeding methods, mechanized transplanting decreased the seed rate by 40%. The occurrence of weeds (Fig. Camacho LD, Combalicer MS, Yeo-Chang Y, Combalicer EA, Carandang AP, Camacho SC, et al. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183. Estimations are 750 Saban, of whom 350 are in the village and 400 outside it, and 450 Kenyah, of whom 230 are in the village and 220 outside it. The problem was connected to the landscape element of irrigation infrastructure as one important source of the water supply. Dawoe EK, Quashie-Sam J, Isaac ME, Oppong SK. 2015;40:31837. Thanawong, K., Perret, S. R., & Basset-Mens. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2014. Agriculture has a significant environmental impact in three key ways. The microzones formed by rice plants are linked to indicators of broken or lodged rice plant patches, no rice plant patches, rice yield differences and rice plant growth differences. 64, 4758. Land ownership was generally acquired by cultivating an unused area. The rice terraces of Banaue, Philippines, for example, are an irrigated RAE with a sophisticated irrigation system built and traditionally managed for generations by indigenous people [12, 13]. For many of us Southerners, no other ingredient tastes this much like home. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-018-0656-9. The authors declare no competing interests. Gao X, Roder G, Jiao Y, Ding Y, Liu Z, Tarolli P. Farmers landslide risk perceptions and willingness for restoration and conservation of world heritage site of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces. If youre growing conventionally, theres pretty much a recipe book. Examples of sketches drawn by farmers. Wartmann F, Purves R. Whats (not) on the map: landscape features from participatory sketch mapping differ from local categories used in language. A sustainable increase in rice production will reduce hunger and poverty and contribute to environmental conservation and a better life for present . The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 2012;179180:96103. Traditional forest conservation knowledge/technologies in the Cordillera, Northern Philippines. Global rice production is releasing damaging greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, doing as much harm as 1,200 average-sized coal power stations, according to the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). Dalgaard, T., Halberg, N. & Porter, J. R. A model for fossil energy use in Danish agriculture used to compare organic and conventional farming. 1). Grain yield was determined by the crop-cut method from each experimental plot. By using this website, you agree to our Ecol Soc. By adopting this approach, it was possible in the interviews to explore the problems, their causes and consequences, as well as the solutions applied by farmers. It also led to a 3040% reduction in pesticide use during the main crop season (WS). However, rice production currently faces many serious challenges, such as climate change, labor shortage, water shortages and loss of crop lands because of increased urbanization and industrialization3,4. What are the underlying causes and consequences of these problems? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.02.003. Weeding is seen as difficult and time-consuming work, but necessary. The latter suggests that mechanical transplanting reduces weeds, pest and disease pressure in comparison with wet direct-seeding. 185205 (Springer International Publishing, 2017). This study examined indigenous farmers perceptions of problems in local rice field agroecosystems (RAEs), their causes and consequences, and the solutions applied, and how these problems were connected to surrounding landscape elements and microzones. This kind of conventional rice production involves inputs that mimic other commodity systems seeds treated with pesticides before planting, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, and pesticide applications mainly to kill weeds and occasionally insects. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9249-y. BMC Zool. Ainsworth, B. E. et al. Climate change may affect the production of maize (corn) and wheat as early as 2030 under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario, according to a new NASA study published in the journal, Nature Food.Maize crop yields are projected to decline 24%, while wheat could potentially see growth of about 17%. 170, 95108. Also, outside Borneo, soil and plant indicators are used to assess the quality of soil, for example in Brazil [90] or Laos [91]. Lynam T, Jong Wd, Sheil D, Kusumanto T, Evans K. A review of tools for incorporating community knowledge, preferences, and values into decision making in natural resources management. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010622430223. Poor accessibility to the rice field was related to a very long walk from the village and the condition of the path infrastructure. Tropics. Massa is a fourth-generation rice farmer and he and Krach are also in the process of transitioning 300 additional acres of family land to organic. J Appl Ecol. Soriente A. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1133. Article To avoid lodging, farmers suggested reducing the risk by draining the rice field before harvest or using a rope to support the rice plant. Rivers were also mentioned as producing sediment and thus blocking the irrigation pipe. Procedia Environ Sci. A comparative field experiment. walking path or dirt road) played an important role in how to access the rice field, allowing the use of vehicles for travel and transportation. An assessment of irrigated rice cultivation with different crop establishment practices in Vietnam, $${\text{NEV}} = {\text{E}}_{{{\text{out}}}} {-}{\text{ E}}_{{{\text{in}}}} \left( {{\text{GJ ha}}^{{ - {1}}} } \right)$$, $${\text{GHGE }} = {\text{ GHG}}_{{{\text{agro}} - {\text{inputs}}}} + {\text{ GHG}}_{{{\text{operation}}}} + {\text{ GHG}}_{{{\text{soil}}}} + {\text{ GHG}}_{{{\text{ricestraw}}}} ({\text{kgCO}}_{{2}} - {\text{eqha}}^{{ - {1}}} {\text{season}}^{{ - {1}}} )$$, $$GHG_{soil} = \, Time_{grow} *28*EF_{default} * \, SF_{water} * \, SF_{pre} *SF_{ricestraw} + \, 265*EF_{1FR} *F_{fertilizer} (kgCO_{2} - eq \, ha^{ - 1} season^{ - 1} )$$, $${\text{SF}}_{{{\text{ricestraw}}}} = (1 + {\text{R}}_{{{\text{straw}}}} *{\text{CF}}_{{{\text{straw}}}} )^{0.59}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04362-w. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. We would also like to thank the Department of Agricultural and Rural Development of Can-Tho City, Vietnam, for supporting us over the duration of this study. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10238. If an interview could not be held in English (n=29), the interview was translated in situ by a local interpreter from the interviewees language (Penan, Saban, Kenyah) or Malay into English. 2018;43:7794. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:825546/FULLTEXT01.pdf (2015). Hill paddy [dry rice field] [..] also needs water and rain to grow. where Timegrow is the rice-growing period; 28 and 265 are the Global Warming Potentials of CH4 and N2O, respectively, for conversion to CO2-eq38; EFdefault, SFwater and SFpre, are the CH4 emission and scaling factors of water management and pre-season soil management, respectively; and SFricestraw is the scale factor for rice straw management. 1 Citations Metrics Abstract Background Rice field agroecosystems produce food for more than half of the world's population and deliver important services supporting farmers' livelihoods. During the SA season, farmers applied less fertilizer and pesticide than in the WS season, with no significant differences across treatments. Irrigated rice production is one of the most essential agricultural activities for sustaining our global population, and at the same time, one of the agricultural sectors considered most eco-unfriendly. South East Asian Stud. The use of different knowledge systems can be found also for other indigenous or local groups, which leads to hybridising indigenous and scientific knowledge [21]. This research explored indigenous farmers perceptions of the problems, their causes and consequences, and the solutions applied to address them in the rice field agroecosystem.
The Dietary Guidelines Include All Of The Below Except,
Which Countries Celebrate Europe Day,
How To Legally Give A Bad Reference,
Family Pizza Making Class Rome,
Articles A