Overweight/obesity was associated with living on a highway, living on a street with no sidewalks or with sidewalks on one side only, and having poor access to four or more recreational facilities. , Megan M. Pinkston MA , Walker S. Carlos Poston PhD, MPH Add to Mendeley https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.045 Get rights and content Abstract Biological, psychological, behavioral, and social factors are unable to fully explain or curtail the obesity epidemic. Neither of these studies included measures of cost within their investigations. Proximity (m) to play space/recreational facilities, Type of street of residence (cul-de-sac, highway), Neighborhood safety (no. Although the use of multilevel modeling methods is an important advancement, there is additional information to be gained by adopting more spatially explicit analytical tools as well. The Built Environment and Its Relationship to the Public's Health: The The measure of body weight used in all of the studies was BMI, determined either from self-reported weights and heights ( n = 14) or measured weights and heights ( n = 6). Healthier diets that may reduce the risk of obesity cost more, and high-energy-density foods, which have been found to be associated with increased risk of obesity, cost less ( 86 ). Obesity and the built environment at different urban scales: examining In a recent study of access and safety within neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts, Cradock et al. Cross-sectional study of 2,692 adult female participants in the WISEWOMEN. County-level sprawl indices, on the other hand, were statistically significantly associated with obesity. Advancing Obesity Solutions Through Investments in the Built D. "Present bias" Science Environmental Science PBHE 526 Answer & Explanation Solved by verified expert Answered by petertosh Answer: C. the creation of food deserts Details. For example, the amount of time spent daily in commuting between home and work, as well as the quality of a person's daily commute, is drawing attention for its potential impact on health. The Built Environment: Designing Communities to Promote Physical ( 39 ) developed a measure of community design through direct observation, classifying residences as to the amount of greenery or graffiti visible near the dwelling. Research on the built environment in adults has not, for the most part, distinguished between the life stages of adulthood. The wide range of conceptualization and operationalization of measures of the built environment makes it challenging to compare results across studies. Five studies did not include categories of BMI, examining it only as a continuous variable ( 40 , 41 , 46 , 51 , 52 ). Some of these action steps include the developing more opportunities for physical activity at work sites. Two studies in adults ( 34 , 40 ) computed the distance from study participants' homes to the nearest recreational facility, with one ( 34 ) demonstrating a positive association between distance to the nearest facility and increased risk of overweight. Land-use mix is the degree to which residential, commercial, and institutional parcels of land are located close together ( 43 ). For example, access to play spaces for young children may incorporate several dimensions beyond convenient locations within walking distance, since it may be unlikely that very young children are allowed to walk to playgrounds without adult supervision. The environment currently favors and facilitates motorized vehicles generally, and private automobiles especially. Participants at Obesity and the Built Environment: Improving Public Health Through Community Design first probed how various aspects of the built environment currently contribute to obesity by affecting eating and physical activity habits and facilitating an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. BMI, body mass index. Prevalence ratios computed using random-effects generalized linear models indicated lower prevalences of overweight (PR, Cross-sectional study of 2,144 adult participants in the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study. This paper investigates the impact of the built environment on obesity while looking . In this investigation, both the inverse association between increased mixed land use and odds of obesity and the positive association between increased time spent in a car and increased odds of obesity were stronger among non-Hispanic Whites than among African Americans. Galvez et al 65 reported that, although most built environment variables were not associated with childhood obesity in 15 studies, distance to playgrounds and density of rail stations were associated with obesity in the . While the study by Liu et al. We seek - as Amway always has - to live responsibly, and we believe in providing choices that help others do the same. A metropolitan sprawl index was created that incorporated dimensions of residential density, land-use mix, degree of centering (extent to which development is focused on region's core or regional subcenters), and street accessibility (length and size of blocks). ( 37 ) collected 2-day travel diaries and counted the total number of minutes per day spent in a car. Social environmental influences may include community norms and values related to eating and activity, as well as contextual influences such as social networks and social support for behaviors such as leisure walking. Environmental influences on food choice, physical activity and energy balance, A spatial analysis of obesogenic environments for children, Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity in Perth, Australia, Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation, Neighborhood playgrounds, fast food restaurants, and crime: relationships to overweight in low-income preschool children, Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars, The relationship between obesity and the prevalence of fast food restaurants: state-level analysis, Graffiti, greenery, and obesity in adults: secondary analysis of European cross sectional survey, Examining the relationships among built environment, physical activity, and body mass index in El Paso, TX, Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density, The link between obesity and the built environment. Lower prices for fruits and vegetables predicted lower gains in BMI over the 3-year period. Increased mixed land use and daily distance walked were associated with reduced obesity; increased time spent in a car was associated with increased obesity. These characteristics are considered in more detail below. Young children, as compared with adolescents or adults, may be more influenced by their immediate environment than by the larger built environment. Mia A. Papas and others, The Built Environment and Obesity, Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 29, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 129143, https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm009. YMCA, Young Men's Christian Association; BMI, body mass index; BRFSS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; PR, prevalence ratio; WISEWOMEN, Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for Women Across the Nation; WIC, Women, Infants, and Children. Neighborhood was defined as a -mile (0.4-km) radius around each person's residence. Improving Communities: Amway Corporate Social Responsibility Findings from the Brisbane Food Study, Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Indices included dimensions of residential density, land-use mix, and street accessibility. dependence on cars and is commonly blamed for contributing to the spread of obesity. Nine studies incorporated at least one of these measures ( 34 , 35 , 37 , 40 , 43 , 46 , 4951 ). Built environment contributes to diabetes through access to physical activity and through stress, by affecting the sleep cycle. Food environments and obesityneighbourhood or nation? No other environmental variables had an effect on BMI change over time. Several methodological issues were of concern, including the inconsistency of measurements of the built environment across studies, the cross-sectional design of most investigations, and the focus on aspects of either diet or physical activity but not both. For children, this might include both school and recreational space. Summary measures of the built environment used in 20 published articles on the built environment and risk of obesity. Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Research on the built environment and obesity among youths could benefit from a stronger consideration of life-course stage in the selection of measures. The workshop examined how investments in the built environment contribute to the prevention and treatment of obesity and the overall health of communities, and it explored how to advance their effect. The density of food establishments per 1,000 residents in each ZIP code was not associated with BMI for adult study participants in the WISEWOMAN Study ( coefficients were 0.37, 0.09, 1.19, and 0.25 for grocery stores, fast-food restaurants, regular restaurants, and minimarts, respectively) ( 46 ). Only those studies with a direct measure of body weight (such as BMI) and an objective measure of the built environment were included in this review. This has come about, in part, because of advances in methodological tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The built, or physical, environment consists of its man-made, constructed components - roads and sidewalks, buildings and houses, parks and plazas, and more. Six neighborhood types were identified using cluster analyses: rural working class, exurban, new suburban, older/upper middle class, mixed race/ethnicity urban, and low socioeconomic status/inner-city. ( 81 ) found differing neighborhood influences on activity for boys and girls, and Whitley and Prince ( 82 ) found that three subpopulations in low-income neighborhoods (the mentally ill, the elderly, and mothers) were more likely than other groups to restrict their travel because of fear of crime. Travel is thought to be an outgrowth of activities, where in-home and outside activities are both substitutes for and complements of each other. Studies that used measures of access to food included either a measure of distance to the nearest fast-food restaurant ( 36 ) or grocery store ( 52 ) or a measure of the density of food outlets within a defined area ( 38 , 41 , 45 , 46 ), but not both. Aggregate county-level indictors of the daily travel time to work measured using US Census data and the average number of daily vehicle miles traveled using data from the California Department of Transportation, as well as population density. Residential accessibility refers to the ease of access to activities from people's places of residence. This restriction produced 15 empirical studies of the built environment and obesity. Seventeen of the 20 studies were either conducted in predominantly non-Hispanic White populations or did not include comparisons by race/ethnicity. The accessibility of activities is thought to be the primary determinant of travel choices, affecting both physical activity and dietary behaviors. Self-reported height and weight data were used to compute BMI; adults were classified as overweight (BMI > 25 and 30) or obese (BMI > 30). Self-reported height and weight were used to compute a continuous BMI variable. AS.Architecture-Studio, dition bilingue franais-anglais : Poy, Cyrille, Hargreaves, Nick . However, the areal units of Census datablock, block group, and tractrepresent aggregations of populations created for data collection and are thus without consistent geographic size. As adolescents begin to explore the environment around them independently of parental influences, the impact of the built environment may be a strong determinant in influencing behaviors regarding physical activity and diet. The majority of the studies reviewed here (16/20) examined aspects of the built environment that have been linked to opportunities for physical activity. Obes Rev 12 , e173-82 (2011). Standard definitions were used across adult populations. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Two measures of the built environment included square miles per fast-food restaurant and population per fast-food restaurant. Full article: Conceptualizing the built environment as a social
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