However, participants are free to respond as they wish, without being limited by predetermined choices. The guidelines address conducting studies, properly using existing sources, accepting funding, and publishing results. Those types of questions require short essay responses, and participants willing to take the time to write those answers will convey personal information about religious beliefs, political views, and morals. The concept is translated into an observable variable, a measure that has different values. A researcher needs to avoid steering or prompting the subject to respond in a specific way; otherwise, the results will prove to be unreliable. Researchersincluding student researchersare responsible for correctly citing existing sources they use in a study or that inform their work. Sociologists conduct surveys under controlled conditions for specific purposes. Leland, J., & Beals, G. (1997, May 5). 3) Make the problem precise. Sociologists think race is best considered a social construction rather than a biological category. They use research methods to design a studyperhaps a positivist, quantitative method for conducting research and obtaining data, or perhaps an ethnographic study utilizing an interpretive framework. What do personal hygiene habits reveal about the values of students at XYZ High School? would be too narrow. If you love books, for example, a symbolic interactionist might propose that you learned that books are good or important in the interactions you had with family, friends, school, or church. That is how Ehrenreich found herself joining the ranks of the low-wage service sector. Introduction to Sociology - 1st Canadian Edition by William Little and Ron McGivern is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Sociologists were surprised when the productivity of a test group increased when the lighting of their workspace was improved. Investigators are ethically obligated to report results, even when they contradict personal views, predicted outcomes, or widely accepted beliefs. A survey targets a specific population, people who are the focus of a study, such as university athletes, international students, or teenagers living with type 1 (juvenile-onset) diabetes. For example, a researcher might hypothesize that teaching children proper hygiene (the independent variable) will boost their sense of self-esteem (the dependent variable). Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/lab-notes/2008/02/29/race-and-dna.html. By operationalizing a variable of the concept, all researchers can collect data in a systematic or replicable manner. Genes, culture, and human evolution: A synthesis. This person, as well as President Obama, is as much white as black in terms of parental ancestry. Sociologists are obligated to disclose research findings without omitting or distorting significant data. But humans and their social interactions are so diverse that they can seem impossible to chart or explain. Everyday life is structured by extralocal, institutional forms; that is, by the practices of institutions that act upon people from a distance. It is an educated guess because it is not random but based on theory, observations, patterns of experience, or the existing literature. A reader of Marx, Georg Simmel believed that conflict can help integrate and stabilize a society. It might be possible to conduct ethnographic research on the experience of domestic abuse by living in a womens shelter and directly observing and interviewing victims to see how they form an understanding of their situation. This method lets researchers study a naturally occurring social activity without imposing artificial or intrusive research devices, like fixed questionnaire questions, onto the situation. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. This is why most sociologists do not use case studies as a primary research method. Match each sociological perspective on the family to its core belief. Rothman, Rodney. She also experienced and observed attitudes many middle- and upper-class people never think about. agovernmental agency like Health and Social Services. Hypothesis - an educated guess to the solution of the problem. - players on both teams. Marketing polls help companies refine marketing goals and strategies; they are generally not conducted as part of a scientific study, meaning they are not designed to test a hypothesis or to contribute knowledge to the field of sociology. Sociology Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Chapter 12: Life at Home: Families and Relationships Flashcards Research Methods Today, increases in communication, travel, and trade have made the world a much smaller place. Another reason to question the biological concept of race is that an individual or a group of individuals is often assigned to a race on arbitrary or even illogical grounds. Content analysis is a quantitative approach to textual research that selects an item of textual content (i.e., a variable) that can be reliably and consistently observed and coded, and surveys the prevalence of that item in a sample of textual output. 22.2 Public Sociology and Improving Society. Their interests are central to the types of topics they choose, the types of questions they ask, the way they frame their research and the research methodologies they select to pursue it. For example, one function of a societys laws may be to protect society from violence, while another is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve public health. If yes, how many per month? Not all surveys would be considered sociological research. He studied social solidarity, social ties within a group, and hypothesized that differences in suicide rates might be explained by religious differences. responses and chart them into percentages. Families earning over a certain income level did not receive mincome. Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Chapter Summary Sociology offers a perspective, a view of the world. are licensed under a, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change, Sociologists develop theories to explain social occurrences such as protest rallies. Sociologists examine the world, see a problem or interesting pattern, and set out to study it. The pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction obtained from consuming a good or service. marhis. In this field, results of studies tend to provide people with access to knowledge they did not have beforeknowledge of other cultures, knowledge of rituals and beliefs, knowledge of trends and attitudes. It must also be reliable, meaning that results will be close to uniform when tested on more than one person. The experimental group is exposed to the independent variable(s) and the control group is not. Match each words with the Group of definition below [ Choose ] Deals with culture, the values and principles of a society. The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy. One person says, Its weird how Justin Bieber has 48 million followers on Twitter. Another says, Disney World is packed year round. Those two seemingly benign statements are claims, or opinions, based on everyday observation of human behaviour. Someone compares Beliebers to Beatles fans. Our ethnic heritages shape us in many ways and fill many of us with pride, but they also are the source of much conflict, prejudice, and even hatred, as the hate crime story that began this chapter so sadly reminds us. For example, the crisis that has led to a loss of employment becomes a set of anonymous criteria that determines ones eligibility for Employment Insurance. Other differences also exist. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Someone should do a study. Then both groups would be tested for differences in performance to see if tutoring had an effect on the experimental group of students. Typically, the scientific method starts with these steps1) ask a question, 2) research existing sources, 3) formulate a hypothesisdescribed below. It is a research method suited to an interpretive approach rather than to positivist approaches. Forget (2011) argues this was because the income provided an opportunity for people to spend more time with family and school, especially for young mothers and teenage girls. There are no right or wrong answers. Begley, S. (2008, February 29). And, because sociological studies are not all focused on problematic behaviours or challenging situations, researchers might study vacation trends, healthy eating habits, neighbourhood organizations, higher education patterns, games, parks, and exercise habits. Today, it is an illustration of 1920s attitudes and values. SOC 1010 Chapter 15: Population, Cities, and the Environment 2.3. Gaining prominence in the wake of Meads work in the 1920s and 1930s, symbolic interactionism declined in influence during the 1960s and 1970s only to be revitalized at the turn of the twenty-first century (Stryker, 1987). He slipped into the sterile, high-rise offices of a New York dot com agency. Meads student, Herbert Blumer (1900-1987), coined the term symbolic interactionism and outlined these basic premises: humans interact with things based on meanings ascribed to those things; the ascribed meaning of things comes from our interactions with others and society; the meanings of things are interpreted by a person when dealing with things in specific circumstances (Blumer 1969). When sociologists apply the sociological perspective and begin to ask questions, no topic is off limits. Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. They must first and foremost guarantee the safety of their participants. One situation that illustrates this is what you believe youre to do if you find a wallet in the street. Starting with genetics, people from different races are more than 99.9% the same in their DNA (Begley, 2008). In a hygiene study, for instance, hygiene could be defined as personal habits to maintain physical appearance (as opposed to health), and a researcher might ask, How do differing personal hygiene habits reflect the cultural value placed on appearance? When forming these basic research questions, sociologists develop an operational definition; that is, they define the concept in terms of the physical or concrete steps it takes to objectively measure it. But where is the logic for doing so? Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. Every research method comes with plusses and minuses, and the topic of study strongly influences which method or methods are put to use. The results from the studies have shown that InSite has reduced both deaths from overdose and risky behaviours, such as the sharing of needles, without increasing the levels of crime associated with drug use and addiction. Want to create or adapt books like this? Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Three paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking because they provide useful explanations: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. and you must attribute OpenStax. Think of some examples of studies that might be harmful. What Is Culture? Its important to sift through this information and determine what is relevant. Grice, Elizabeth. economics opportunity cost marginal analysis utility a. There are times to conduct interviews and times to simply observe. chapter 15 sociology Flashcards | Quizlet 5. Students can study with teachers and pupils from the other side of the globe. Conflict theory then gained prominence, with its emphasis on institutionalized social inequality. Postmodern social theory developed in the 1980s to look at society through an entirely new lens by rejecting previous macro-level attempts to explain social phenomena. 2010. (Credit: Chabad Lubavitch/flickr), Farming and Locavores: How Sociological Perspectives Might View Food Consumption, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-3-theoretical-perspectives-in-sociology, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. What series of processing interchanges take place between different departments or agencies through the circulation of paperwork? Research Methods Sociology Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Each family received a modest monthly guaranteed incomea mincomeequivalent to a maximum of 60 percent of the low-income cut-off figure (a Statistics Canada measure of poverty, which varies with family size). match each term to the correct definition. drag each item on the left Sociology can play a key role in peoples abilities to understand the nature of this emerging global culture and how to respond to it. The next step researchers undertake is to conduct background research through a literature review, which is a review of any existing similar or related studies. Because people do perceive race as something real, it has real consequences. However, this is exactly why scientific models work for studying human behaviour. They lived too far from each other, spoke different languages, practiced different religions, and traded few goods. That said, happiness and hygiene are worthy topics to study. It might seem strange to use scientific practices to study social trends, but, as we shall see, its extremely helpful to rely on systematic approaches that research methods provide. They were randomly divided into 12 guards and 12 prisoners. But some sociologists prefer not to alert people to their presence. The students at that university cafeteria discussion put forth a few loosely stated opinions. Beliebers join together claiming they want romance, except what they really want is a safe place to explore the confusion of teenage sexual feelings. And this: Mickey Mouse is a larger-than-life cartoon celebrity. Yet modern evidence shows there is little, if any, scientific basis for the racial classification that is the source of so much inequality. In fact almost every change of independent variablelighting, breaks, work hoursresulted in an improvement of productivity. The steps of the scientific method are: Select a topic. This type of research was valuable in illuminating the unknown subcultural norms of crack use that could still come into play in a harm reduction strategy such as distributing safe crack kits to addicts. In living colors: Tiger Woods is the exception that rules. (2010). The goal of institutional ethnography therefore is to making documents or texts visible as constituents of social relations (Smith 1990). How do low-income workers get by? 15. The scientific method is a process by which researchers ask questions, identify problems and seek answers to solve those issues. In the context of a theater-based view of social behavior, match each term to the correct description. At age three, a Ukrainian girl named Oxana Malaya suffered severe parental neglect. 2) Do some research and write down the titles of some articles or books youd want to read about the topic. 1) Define the research problem. A truly scientific sociological study of the social situations up for discussion in the cafeteria would involve these prescribed steps: defining a specific question, gathering information and resources through observation, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis in a reproducible manner, analyzing and drawing conclusions from the data, publishing the results, and anticipating further development when future researchers respond to and retest findings. Similarly, an ethnic group is a subgroup of a population with a set of shared social, cultural, and historical experiences; with relatively distinctive beliefs, values, and behaviors; and with some sense of identity of belonging to the subgroup. This does not necessarily indicate that changes in one variable causes a change in another variable, however, just that they are associated. A set of concepts and theories that frame their thinking. Jan 20, 2023 OpenStax. She witnessed firsthand the treatment of service work employees. The survey is one of the most widely used positivist research methods. Sociologists often begin the research process by asking a question about how or why things happen in this world. The sense of identity many people gain from belonging to an ethnic group is important for reasons both good and bad. That is the purpose of sociological researchto investigate and provide insights into how human societies function. Positivist methodologies are often referred to as hypothetico-deductive methodologies. When entering a particular social environment, a researcher must be careful. (Credit: David Shankbone/flickr). Chapter 3. Culture - Introduction to Sociology - 1st Canadian Edition Textually Mediated Social Organization Pp. Why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants? In contrast, many Eastern societies would consider it much more appropriate to keep the wallet and search for the owner yourself. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a sense of ethnic identity. Although race is a social construction, it is also true, as noted in an earlier chapter, that things perceived as real are real in their consequences. Goffman used theater as an analogy for social interaction and recognized that peoples interactions showed patterns of cultural scripts. He argued that individuals were actors in a play. Match each sociological term to the correct definition -cultural influence caused by adopting another culture's products cultural imperialism Match each sociological term to the correct definition -the process by which societies lose their uniqueness, becoming increasing similar cultural leveling Montaner, and T. Kerr. The many methods available to researchersincluding experiments, surveys, field studies, and secondary data analysisall come with advantages and disadvantages. . Despite this fact, she was called black on her birth certificate because of a state law, echoing the one-drop rule, that designated people as black if their ancestry was at least 1/32 black (meaning one of their great-great-great grandparents was black). Sociology Study Guide for Test 2.pdf - Chapter 4 Which of She described fellow employees who held two or three jobs, worked seven days a week, lived in cars, could not pay to treat chronic health conditions, got randomly fired, submitted to drug tests, and moved in and out of homeless shelters. Soc 1 - Inquizitive Chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet the set of duties and responsibilities associated with a particular social position= role. In real life, there are rarely any unambiguously yes-or-no answers. But when the study was over, productivity dropped again. 2006. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Match each term with the corresponding definition. To conduct a case study, a researcher examines existing sources like documents and archival records, conducts interviews, engages in direct observation, and even participant observation, if possible. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Social scientists also learn by analyzing the research of a variety of agencies. 1999-2023, Rice University. When a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable there is a correlation. Later, he was discredited for allegedly fabricating some details of the story and The New Yorker issued an apology. These three approaches still provide the main foundation of modern sociological theory though they have evolved. Psychology Psychology questions and answers Please match each term with the correct definition. Source: Data from General Social Survey, 2004. The social construction of reality. Chapter 22: Conclusion: Understanding and Changing the Social World, Chapter 1: Sociology and the Sociological Perspective, Chapter 2: Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research, Chapter 5: Social Structure and Social Interaction, Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control, Chapter 20: Social Change and the Environment, Chapter 21: Collective Behavior and Social Movements, Figure 10.1 Responses to How Close Do You Feel to Your Ethnic or Racial Group?, http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/lab-notes/2008/02/29/race-and-dna.html, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. History and current practice indicate that it is easy to become prejudiced against people with different ethnicities from our own. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, An interview is a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject, and is a way of conducting surveys on a topic. In the past, empires such as those that existed in China, Europe, Africa, and Central and South America linked people from many different countries, but those people rarely became part of a common culture. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The sociological perspective opens a window into unfamiliar worlds and offers a fresh look at familiar worlds. and more. Crack Cocaine Smokers in Vancouver Alleyway (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crack_Cocaine_Smokers_in_Vancouver_Alleyway.jpg) is in the public domain (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain), Figure 2.8. As we noted in Chapter 1, Jrgen Habermas (1972) argues that sociological research has built-in interests quite apart from the personal biases of individual researchers. He studied the line between craftsmanship and skilled manual labour. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like According to Durkheim's theory of religion, what would he predict for societies with low levels of religious beliefs and practices?, Match each historical period in which the United States experienced disestablishment to the correct description., Sociologists classify Islamic revivalism as an example of which sociological concept . she wondered. As you can imagine, in a case like this, the researcher would not want to jeopardize the accomplishments of either group of students, so the setting would be somewhat artificial. Variables are examined to see if there is a correlation between them. Where do the forms go next? To turn that around, less than 0.1% of all the DNA in our bodies accounts for the physical differences among people that we associate with racial differences. Terms in this set (20) What is the definition of socialization? Homework 1 Flashcards | Quizlet In fieldwork, the sociologists, rather than the subjects, are the ones out of their element. Manifest function refers to the intended function of social policies, processes, or actions that are consciously and deliberately designed to be beneficial in their effect on society. Instead, an interpretive framework seeks to understand social worlds from the point of view of participants, leading to in-depth knowledge. Deviance, Crime, and Social Control, Chapter9. Ethnography is the extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting. The Statistics Canada census is an excellent example of a large-scale survey intended to gather sociological data. The work of sociology rarely happens in limited, confined spaces. excessive. Montaner, and T. Kerr. A conflict theorist might be interested in the power differentials present in the regulation of food, by exploring where peoples right to information intersects with corporations drive for profit and how the government mediates those interests. Which best describes the results of a case study? Sociologists study the broader social contexts that underlie human behavior. Clean needles are provided and health care professionals are on hand to intervene in the case of overdose or other medical emergency. Going to Disney World is one of my favourite childhood memories. Its the opposite for me with Justin Bieber. In a random sample, every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study. These research methods are discussed below. Some have thin lips, while others have thick lips. Public records are not always easy to access. If you contributed your expanding knowledge of sociological research to this conversation, you might make statements like these: Justin Biebers fans long for an escape from the boredom of real teenage life. a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time Polyandry a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands Structural Functionalism Family is a cultural universal. Durkheim believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability (Durkheim, 1893), and that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols. 8.4 Economic Inequality and Poverty in the United States, 9.1 The Nature and Extent of Global Stratification, 10.1 Racial and Ethnic Relations: An American Dilemma, 10.5 Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States, 10.6 Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century, 11.4 Violence Against Women: Rape and Pornography, 11.5 The Benefits and Costs of Being Male, 12.1 Gerontology and the Concept of Aging, 12.2 The Perception and Experience of Aging, 12.4 Life Expectancy, Aging, and the Graying of Society, 12.5 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 13.1 Economic Development in Historical Perspective, 15.1 The Family in Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives, 15.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 15.3 Family Patterns in the United States Today, 15.4 Changes and Issues Affecting American Families, 16.1 A Brief History of Education in the United States, 16.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 17.2 Religion in Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective, 17.3 Sociological Perspectives on Religion, 17.6 Trends in Religious Belief and Activity, 18.1 Understanding Health, Medicine, and Society, 18.2 Health and Medicine in International Perspective, 18.3 Health and Illness in the United States, 18.4 Medicine and Health Care in the United States. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. D | 8. 2.1. Lynd, Staughton. Are societies capable of sustained happiness? would be too vague. In a study of education, a researcher might predict that high school dropouts have a hard time finding a rewarding career. The townspeople of Muncie, Indiana, knew why the researchers were in their midst. Classically, the sociologist selects a set of people with similar characteristics, such as age, class, race, or education. Researchers must make results available to other sociologists, must make public all sources of financial support, and must not accept funding from any organization that might cause a conflict of interest or seek to influence the research results for its own purposes. One criticism of the structural-functional theory is that it cant adequately explain social change even though the functions are processes. Returning to the Disney World topic, reliability of a study would reflect how well the resulting experience represents the average experience of theme park-goers. inQUIZitive Flashcards | Quizlet The scientific method is useful in that it provides a clear method of organizing a study. Then whats this? Are communities functioning smoothly? Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Chapter21. The test would not be for a grade reflected on their permanent record, for example. Classic sociological theories are still considered important and current, but new sociological theories build upon the work of their predecessors and add to them (Calhoun, 2002). New York: Free Press. For instance, an Ipsos Reid poll, if conducted as a nationwide random sampling, should be able to provide an accurate estimate of public opinion whether it contacts 2,000 or 10,000 people. Grand theories attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change. Stone, L., & Lurquin, P. F. (2007). 2011. An ethnographic study might observe, for example, a small Newfoundland fishing town, an Inuit community, a village in Thailand, a Buddhist monastery, a private boarding school, or Disney World. In sociology, a few theories provide broad perspectives that help explain many different aspects of social life, and these are called paradigms.
