Native Plant Trust or respective copyright holders. A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F. Weed Biol. J. Nutr. To obtain basic knowledge about germplasm, morphological characterization is the preliminary step for characterizing and classifying any collected/introduced materials. 10, 19771980. Echinochloa is a very widespread genus of plants in the grass family and tribe Paniceae. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. A Compendium of Insect Pests of Finger Millet and Other Small Millets. Plant Regist. Veeranagamallaiah, G., Puli, C., Jyothsnakumari, G., and Sudhakar, C. (2007). formosensis (12) were grouped into three separate clusters (Nozawa et al., 2006). Crop mimicry in weeds. So far, six hundred and one exotic barnyard millet accessions have been introduced into India between the period of 1976 and 2007 to increase the food and fodder production (Gomashe, 2017). In this review, we highlight the importance of barnyard millet in the current scenario and discuss the up-to-date status of genetic and genomics research and the research gaps to be worked upon by suggesting directions for future research to make barnyard millet a potential crop in contributing to food and nutritional security. 44, 205217. Biocat. Construction of a foxtail millet linkage map and mapping of spikelet-tipped bristles1 (stb1) by using transposon display markers and simple sequence repeat markers with genome sequence information. Commun. Deep root water uptake ability and water use efficiency of pearl millet in comparison to other millet species. 10, 659666. Barrett, S. H. (1983). Characterization of barnyard millet starch films containing borage seed oil. Sci. Genet. 2, 1117. Geographic subdivisions for Echinochloa muricata var. (Panel 1) Ear head diversity of different barnyard millet accessions. Indian J. Microbiol. Quality evaluation of chapati from millet flour blend incorporated composite flour. Evidence from RAPD markers in the evolution of Echinochloa millets (Poaceae). Genetic structure and diversity analysis revealed by AFLP on different Echinochloa spp. 45, 957961. Taxon 41: 523 (1992). Weed Sci. Not restricted by soil pH. Variation in seed dormancy in Echinochloa and the development of a standard protocol for germination testing. doi: 10.9790/2402-0730110, Suryawanshi, V., Talke, I. N., Weber, M., Eils, R., Brors, B., Clemens, S., et al. Echinochloa species have very few cultivatable forms and thereby are cultivated as minor millet by marginal farmers in warmer and temperate regions of the world. Echinochloa crus-galli genome analysis provides insight into its adaptation and invasiveness as a weed. 8, 454460. E. frumentacea (Roxb.) Genetic enhancement and breeding strategies in small millets, in Proceedings of the National Seminar on Small Millets: Current Research Trends and Future Priorities as Food Feed and in Processing for Value Addition, Bangalore, 2324. The grains of barnyard millet are rich in micronutrients (Fe and Zn) and hence, the identification of potential genes related to the accumulation of micronutrients (Fe and Zn) will be helpful to transfer these genes to high yielding barnyard millet cultivars or even to other major crops like rice, wheat, maize, etc. Screening Potential of three native grass species for phyto remediation of heavy metals. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Echinochloa colona (Linn.) doi: 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0669:raogva]2.0.co;2, Saleh, A., Zhang, Q., Chen, J., and Shen, Q. doi: 10.1017/S0043174500079078, Surekha, N., Ravikumar, S. N., Mythri, S., and Rohini, D. (2013). Figure 2. Besides, Yamaguchi et al. (2017). Sridevi, R., and Manonmani, V. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2011.07.013, Chen, G., Zhang, W., Fang, J., and Dong, L. (2017). Veena, S., Chimmad, B. V., Naik, R. K., and Shanthakumar, G. (2005). Fertile lemma shortly apiculate, smooth, 5-nerved. (2016). Recently, transcriptome sequences developed from cultivated E. frumentacea variety CO (Kv) 2, yielded 97,065 transcripts with an average length of 94 Mbp (Murukarthick et al., 2019). However, both wild and cultivated Echinochloa species have a high sequence identity with P. virgatum and Sorghum bicolor and low sequence identity with Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa (Ye et al., 2014), which further concludes that Echinochloa species are more closely related to the P. virgatum and S. bicolor than Triticum and Oryza. Yabuno, T. (1996). Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), meadows and fields, Occurs in wetlands or non-wetlands. [3], E. crus-galli was domesticated in southern Hokkaido 4,500 years ago.[1]. doi: 10.1007/s10592-009-9872-6, Cidade, F. W., de Souza-Chies, T. T., Souza, F. H. D., Batista, L. A. R., Agnol, M. D., Valls, J. F. M., et al. Taxonomy browser (Echinochloa esculenta) - National Center for J. Natl. Citation 1983).It is also believed to have as a domesticated species directly derived from the wild millet barnyard . Leaf sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf blades linear, 20-50 1.2-2.5 cm, glabrous, margins thickened and wavy. Zegada-Lizarazu, W., and Iijima, M. (2005). doi: 10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170202.13, Sebastin, R., Lee, K. J., Cho, G. T., Lee, J. R., Shin, M. J., Kim, S. H., et al. 48, 669674. Genetic analysis and identification of molecular markers linked to the anthocyanin pigmentation in barnyard millet [Echinochloa frumentacea Roxb (Link)], in Proceedings of the Neglected and Underutilized crop species for Food, Nutrition, Energy and Environment, (New Delhi: NIPGR), 43. J. Caamal-Maldonado, J.A. (2017). 14, 7178. Mol. (2010) reported that E. esculenta extract showed antimutagenicity against 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylic acid in strains of Salmonella typhimurium due to its higher polyphenolic content, thereby playing a major role as antioxidants in scavenging H2O2 radicals. The genomic SSR (gSSR) markers developed through in silico mining of the foxtail millet sequence showed a high degree of cross-transferability in barnyard millet and other related small millet species. The emasculated panicles were then covered with butter paper bags to avoid contamination. Soc. 8, 5254. Acad. oryzoides, and one major cultivated species, E. esculenta (Japanese barnyard millet). 9:41. doi: 10.3198/jpr2013.11.0067crc, Sato, K., Mukainari, Y., Naito, K., and Fukunaga, K. (2013). Hyderabad: Indian Institute of Millets Research. Collectively, the members of this genus are called barnyard grasses (though this may also refer to E. crus-galli specifically), and are also known as barnyard millets or billion-dollar grasses. Generation and Characterization of a Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Mutant Library. Description General : Japanese millet ( Echinochloa esculenta ) is an introduced, annual, warm-season grass that is grown primarily as forage and wildlife habitat in the United States. Evol. zelayensis. The fungi Drechslera monoceras and Exserohilum monoceras have been evaluated with some success as potential biocontrol agents of common barnyard grass in rice fields. It is cultivated on marginal lands where rice and other crops will not grow well. Genomics 100, 252263. 38, 559571. Genes Genom. kunth. 169:01081.2015. doi: 10.1104/pp.15.01081, Wendel, J. F. (2015). utilis (Ohwi & Yabuno) T.Koyama Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable in Java. In barnyard millet, grain moisture is the prime criteria playing a key role not only in storage but also in the development of processing machineries. Despite its nutritional and agronomic benefits, barnyard millet has remained an underutilized crop and has received very little attention from researchers as well as farmers across the globe. Globally, more than 8000 accessions of barnyard millet have been assembled and conserved. Also, several studies disclosed the nutritional profile of barnyard millet, particularly the high Fe and Zn content in the grains (Veena et al., 2005; Saleh et al., 2013; Chandel et al., 2014; Renganathan et al., 2017). Most of the genes were related to photosynthesis (PS I, PS II, NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, ATP synthase), C4 pathways (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, aldolase, maturase K, kinase), micronutrient transportation [Fe2+ transport protein 2-like protein (IRT2) gene, nicotianamine synthase 1 (NAS1), nicotianamine synthase 2 (NAS2), polymerases (RNA, DNA)], herbicide resistances (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase 3, acetolactate synthase, calcineurin, cyclophilin 2, cytochrome P450, GH31, glutathione S-transferase), flooding tolerances (enolase, alcohol dehydrogenase), waxy grains (granule-bound starch synthase), non-shattering grains (sh4), ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNAs, etc. praticola, E. crus-galli var. More breeding programs have to be designed in the future for harnessing the genetic variability for high yield potential, yield stability, improved salinity tolerance, pest and disease resistance, as well as enhanced nutritional quality, especially micronutrient composition. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.10.0644, Rajput, S. G., Santra, D. K., and Schnable, J. Theor. 26:297. doi: 10.5958/j.2229-4473.26.2.088, Qie, L., Jia, G., Zhang, W., Schnable, J., Shang, Z., Li, W., et al. Pheng, S.; Khiev, B.; Pol, C. & Jahn, G.C. Biotechnol. Research Note Interspecific Hybrid between Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese barnyard millet) and E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet) A New Avenue for Genetic Enhancement of Barnyard Millet. Whereas, the polymorphism information content (PIC) value of markers ranged between 0.44 and 0.52 (Kaya et al., 2014). The genome of broomcorn millet. Research on Nanoparticle by Kumar et al. This grass is subject to the brown spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzae, a fungal infection. Babu, B. K., Joshi, A., Sood, S., and Agrawal, P. K. (2017). Borkar, V. S., Senthil Kumaran, K., Senthil Kumar, K. L., Gangurde, H. H., and Chordiya, M. A. 65, 293295. image, please click it to see who you will need to contact. (Panel 7) Variation in tillering ability and pigmentation (a) high tillers, green, (b) medium tillers, light pigmentation, and (c) low tillers, dark pigmentation (from Prakash and Vanniarajan, 2013; Renganathan et al., 2017; Kuraloviya et al., 2019). (2014). Echinochloa esculenta Calflora Sect. Bloom Period Photos on Calflora. New England Seed fortification studies in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) cv. Cytologia 49, 673678. The same method was also applied in barnyard millet hybridization programs (Renganathan et al., 2015; Sood et al., 2015). J. of Food Sci. It underwent selection for larger grain size over a span of one or two millennia in Japan.[1]. Development and germination of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) seeds. Paniceae. Morphological traits and molecular markers for classification of Echinochloa species from Italian rice fields. Int. 35, 211215. Resour. 77, 9298. About the National Wetland Plant List Wetland Regions. IOSR J. Environ. Copyright: various copyright holders. J. Agric. Nandini, R., and Fakrudin, B. 18, 275282. It has a wide adaptation capacity and . J. Gledhill, David (2008). Two main species, Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese Barnyard millet) and Echinochloa frumentacea (Indian Barnyard millet), are cultivated and grown as cereals. (2014b). (2018a;b) compared rice, maize, and finger millet gSSRs for cross species amplification in barnyard millet and reported that maize and finger millet SSRs exhibited higher PIC values, efficient cross species amplification, and polymorphism percentage than rice SSRs. The inflorescence is a terminal panicle with varying shapes (cylindrical, pyramidal, and globose to elliptic), colors (green, light purple, and dark purple) and compactness (compact, intermediate, and open) (Gupta et al., 2009; Prakash and Vanniarajan, 2013; Sood et al., 2014; Renganathan et al., 2017; Kuraloviya et al., 2019) (Figure 4). doi: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00185.x, Yang, X., Yu, X.-Y., and Li, Y. F. (2013). Gupta, A., Mahajan, V., Kumar, M., and Gupta, H. (2009). utilis). Barnyard millet (Echinochloa species) has become one of the most important minor millet crops in Asia, showing a firm upsurge in world production. Synonyms. [7] The roots are boiled to cure indigestion in the Philippines. (2013). (Yang et al., 2013). [8], Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta syn. A., Yasuda, K., Yano, A., and Soejima, A. Echinochloa esculenta or Japanese millet (scientific name: Echinochloa esculenta) is an annual herbaceous plant of the genus Echinochloa cultivated in China and Japan. doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.17061, Yuichiro, M., Shinya, U., and Yamaguchi, H. (1999). It is fed green to animals and provides fodder throughout the year; hay made from this plant can be kept up to 6 years. (2017). So far, several stress tolerance genes were identified in barnyard millet, but the function of these genes has not been tested by overexpression studies, mainly due to the lack of a genetic transformation system. you. Combining ability for quantitative traits in Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentaceae (Roxb.) J. Chem. This species is considered an invasive species in North America where it occurs throughout the continental United States. 6, 285291. ; Watson, A.K. The word "cereal" is derived from the name Ceres, the Roman goddess of grain. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS), RNA-seq (RNA-sequencing) has now superseded the previous microarray technologies and a huge number of genomic resources are being generated in a cost and time effective manner (Weber, 2015). Food Sci. Euphytica 81, 199205. J. Bot. Development of highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers using genome-wide microsatellite variant analysis in Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. (2000) obtained 90 polymorphic bands using 21 primer pairs with an average of 4.3 alleles per primer and Ruiz-Santaella et al. doi: 10.15258/sst.2010.38.3.04, Kraehmer, H., Jabran, K., Mennan, H., and Chauhan, B. (2019). Rev. Moreover, these published two reports contain preliminary results only; further experimental investigation is required to apply for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Sci. The interspecific hybrids between wild species and its progenitor, i.e., E. crus-galli E. esculenta and E. colona E. frumentacea produce normal meiotic division (27 bivalents) i.e., fertile. In crop plants, 60% of the registered traits of germplasms belong to cereals, oilseeds, and legumes for resistance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Indian barnyard millet, Echinochloa frumentacea (Poaceae). Table 5. Advances in Setaria genomics for genetic improvement of cereals and bioenergy grasses. The most notable of these are Japanese millet ( E. esculenta) in East Asia, Indian barnyard millet ( E. frumentacea) in South Asia, and burgu millet ( E. stagnina) in West Africa. Biol. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.03.0221. Breed. PK ! Association mapping of agro-morphological characters among the global collection of finger millet genotypes using genomic SSR markers. Out of 4710 putative SSR markers, 78 were potentially polymorphic. Both wild and cultivated Echinochloa species are different from each other in terms of growth habitat, general morphology, and other characteristics (Table 1). Bioscan 12, 19271931. The nutritional composition of barnyard millet is presented in Supplementary Table S1. Echinochloa Esculenta View all Topics Add to Mendeley About this page Sorghum and Millets John R.N. J. Biol. Zegada-Lizarazu and Iijima (2005) reported higher water uptake efficiency (deep root) of barnyard millet (E. utilis) over other minor millets, including pearl millet, and found that barnyard millet sustained and increased the water use efficiency, leaf area index, and dry matter production in both drought and flooding conditions. ; seed maturing Sept.Oct., up to 40,000/plant. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099182, Babu, B. K., Pandey, D., Agrawal, P. K., Sood, S., and Kumar, A. Similarly, 106 eSSR (EST-derived simple sequence repeats) markers from Setaria showed consistent amplification in millet and non-millet species and also exhibited high cross species transferability in barnyard millet (90.6%) (Kumari et al., 2013). 6, 187194. It is the fourth most produced minor millet, providing food security to many poor people across the world. QTL-seq analysis identifies two genomic regions determining the heading date of foxtail millet. (2013). It helps not only to understand the genome composition of cultivated barnyard millet species and increases mapping accuracy, but also helps us to know the effect of variants on protein function. Plant Sci. Barnyard grass was one of the five most cultivated crops during Joseon Dynasty in Korea. (2019). [3][4][5] Some of the species are known by the common names barnyard grass or cockspur grass.[6][7]. Cross-genera transferability of rice and finger millet genomic SSRs to barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.). They are less susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. Ugare et al. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.142. Resour. 20, 461469. Food Chem. Resour. (2006). (2013). Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan (VPKAS), India; Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR), India; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Japan, and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research like International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India are actively working on germplasm evaluation for various agronomic, biotic, and abiotic stresses, grain, and nutritional content traits in barnyard millet. For instance, utilizing five SSR markers, 155 accessions of Echinochloa species including E. esculenta (49), E. crus-galli (94), and E. esculenta var. Despite this challenge, 35 species have been identified to date for their taxa and phylogenetic relationship through morphological, cytological, and molecular marker studies (Yabuno, 1966, 1987; Yuichiro et al., 1999; Yamaguchi et al., 2005). In addition, the study also generated 300 SSR primer pairs from 10,881 SSR loci targeting major repeats of trinucleotide (122) followed by dinucleotide (121), tetra-nucleotide (35), penta-nucleotide (20), and hexa-nucleotide (2). IIMR, (2018). A warm-season grass used as cattle fodder and is sometimes cultivated for this purpose. Appl. Plant genetic resources management: collection, characterization, conservation and utilization. Other common names to identify these seeds include oodalu () in Kannada, Shyamak () or Shyama Chal ( ) in Bangla, jhangora in the Garhwal Hills, bhagar () in Marathi-speaking areas, samo or morio (mario, moraiaya) seeds in Gujarati, or kuthiraivaali () in Tamil. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Therefore, despite the focus on higher grain yields alone, barnyard millet breeding programs should also include the strategy of registration of unique traits that might be conserved in the landraces, germplasms, or rejected entries from the evaluation trials. Classification. Research Note Interspecific Hybrid between Echinochloa esculenta Upadhyaya, H., Gowda, C., and Sastry, D. (2008). 70, 549558. 75, 151162. Indian J. Genet. Genet. PDF orange.wateratlas.usf.edu 34, 5157. Recently, MDU 1, a variety developed by Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India, through pureline selection of local landrace of Tamil Nadu possesses the characteristic features of short duration (<100 days) and higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha1) (Vanniarajan et al., 2018). Rep. 41, 52875297. It not only generates differential genes, but also the functional molecular markers like simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and SNPs in various minor millet species. Also covers those considered historical (not seen Yabuno, T. (1966). Link). 31, 675684. J. Weed Sci. Figure 1. Panicum esculentum A.Braun, Echinochloa esculenta is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. Echinochloa esculenta | CABI Compendium Provides fast-growing, short-term cover while perennials establish. Int. Later on, a significant development in the sequencing technologies further eliminated the limitations present in the RAPD, RFLP, and AFLP techniques through sequence-based markers such as SSRs, EST-SSRs (Expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats), and SNPs. Basic information EPPO Code: ECHUT Preferred name: Echinochloa esculenta Authority: (Braun) Scholz Notes Japan. 10.3389/fgene.2020.00500 Abstract Barnyard millet (Echinochloaspecies) has become one of the most important minor millet crops in Asia, showing a firm upsurge in world production. On the other hand, registration of trait-specific germplasms in the National Gene Banks (NGB) not only protects the natural resources from Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) but also facilitates the breeders to access important/valuable genotypes for any crop improvement programs. (1998). Morphological and isozyme diversity in the accessions of two cultivated species of barnyard millet. doi: 10.1007/BF02908141. Sci. Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz - World Flora Online J. Biol. Am. Kumar, L. D., Siva Sankar, S., Venkatesh, P., and Hepcy Kalarani, D. (2016). County and Jepson Region polygons can be turned off and on using the check boxes. Joshi, R. P., Jain, A. K., Chauhan, S. S., and Singh, G. (2015). The arrangement of spikelets is either on one side or around the rachis of the raceme. Genetic resources and varietal improvement of small millets for Indian Himalaya, in Biodiversity Potentials of the Himalaya, eds L. M. Tewari, Y. P. S. Pangtey, and G. Tewari, (Gorakhpur: Gyanodaya Prakashan press), 305316. doi: 10.1111/pbr.12070, Hilu, K. (1994). All the authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu and India. post Identification of massive molecular markers in Echinochloa phyllopogon using a restriction-site associated DNA approach. 56, 883889. [10], Among the plant pathogens that affect this genus are the sac fungus Cochliobolus sativus, which has been noted on common barnyard grass, and rice hoja blanca virus. Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria. Clayton, W. D., and Renvoize, S. A. The proteomics exploration also revealed that a total of 540 proteins are found to be commonly expressed in Echinochloa species, of which most of the annotated protein sequences are tRNA, ribosomal, and other photosystem proteins. Electron.
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