2021;73(7):9839. Trends in office visits during which opioids were prescribed for adults with arthritis in the US, 20062015. 2004;31(5):8357. Jacobs H, et al. Terms and Conditions, StatsMiniBlog: Continuous vs. Categorical. Effects of Weight Change on Knee and Hip Radiographic Measurements and Pain Over Four Years: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Healthy weight or normal weight: A healthy weight for adults is between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m 2 (for all ethnicities except Asians, for whom the upper value of BMI is 21.8 kg/m 2 ). That could be another reason to use overweight patients as controls. Blanca Gallego Amanda Sainsbury University of Western Australia Abstract and Figures Abstract Background Rheumatology researchers often categorize continuous predictor variables. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Horton DB, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). At the final gamma model, we have used Generalized Variance Inflation Factor (GVIF) [19] to assessed collinearity between the significant BMI predictors. It is considered to be in this hybrid category called ordinal. Association of rheumatoid arthritis in pregnancy with school performance of offspring: a Danish nationwide register-based study. Are health care professionals implicit and explicit attitudes toward conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs associated with those of their patients? Illness experiences of Chilean women with Sjgrens syndrome: the patient perspective. Google Scholar. At age 20years, the mean BMI of the nurses investigated was 21.2kg/m2. Further, our sensitivity analyses using 3% and 10% changes in BMI delivered the same conclusions as our primary analyses (that used a 5% change in BMI), showing that these three issues with categorization of continuous variables are independent of these different thresholds of the continuous variable (percentage change in BMI). Level of obesity is directly associated with the clinical and functional consequences of knee osteoarthritis. 2021;73(7):9981003. At first, all explanatory variables with p-value0.20 in the bivariate analysis were modelled by gamma regression, using the identity link function. In the quantile regression, all the variables considered were also significant for the 0.75 quantile. 2021;73(10):151827. Therefore, our results cannot be generalized to all situations in which researchers categorize variables in rheumatology. Obesity and supermarket access: proximity or price? 2021;75(4):93646. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). AS additionally reports receiving presentation fees and travel reimbursements from Eli Lilly and Co, the Pharmacy Guild of Australia, Novo Nordisk, the Dietitians Association of Australia, Shoalhaven Family Medical Centres, the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, and Metagenics, and serving on the Nestl Health Science Optifast VLCD advisory board from 2016 to 2018. A certain percentage of adults with BMI > 30 are not actually obese, so maybe we could use a higher threshold, like 35, or 40? The remaining one outcome (development of frequent pain in knee) showed an association with an increase in BMI but not with a decrease in BMI in the categorical analysis (Table 2). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Zaccardelli A, et al. 2013;13:988. Table S5. This process was repeated until all the remaining variables were significant (p-value0.05). Depressive symptoms and the arthritis-employment interface: a population-level study. Age is, technically, non-stop and ratio. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Effects of neurodynamic mobilizations on pain hypersensitivity in patients with hand osteoarthritis compared to robotic assisted mobilization: a randomized controlled trial. We'll want multivariate regression and odds ratio results and I don't know how to interpret categories of BMI in this context. WC is measured at the part of the torso located midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest (top of pelvic bone). This study in osteoarthritis showed that categorizing the continuous predictor variable in the analysis (in this example, the percentage change in BMI) could influence the results in three ways. Kellahan SR, et al. The approaches were also compared by estimating BMI values (gamma, linear and quantile) or likelihoods (binary and multinomial logistic), by model, for each of three specific profiles of individual. ZS is the recipient of an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. 2021;73(10):14259. Koenker R. Quantile regression. Some of the data is self-reported weight and height converted to BMI scores. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Salis Z, et al. BMI was examined as a continuous and a categorical variable in which case BMI was stratified into non-obese (<30 kg/m 2) or obese (30 kg/m 2). Cad Saude Publica. We applied exclusion criteria for participant selection as per the study by Joseph et al. Real-world outcomes associated with methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine triple therapy versus tumor necrosis factor inhibitor/methotrexate combination therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PubMed Lopez-Olivo MA, et al. An Example Using Date Date is a variable that can be the two non-stop and discrete. 2021;73(9):125963. 2021;73(1):7889. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3601. Herrera A, et al. Early joint replacement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: trend over time and factors influencing implant survival. How to assess change in obesity levels pre and post intervention where obesity is an ordinal variable? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Am J Public Health. Stat Biopharm Res. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(2):2329. Ultrasound-guided biopsy of suspected salivary gland lymphoma in Sjgrens syndrome. Lets say most of it is free of measurement error in that sense, just for the sake of discussion. 1974;19:71623. for instance, BMI in my dataset is a continuous variable, if I want to redefine the variable in a new variable bmigp as. 2021;73(6):82832. This classification system is derived from population data. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Chernis J, et al. Researchers in rheumatology should avoid categorization of continuous Beyerlein A. Quantile regression-opportunities and challenges from a users perspective. RC participated in the conception and design of the manuscript, data interpretation and helped write the manuscript. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). PubMed 2021;73(1):6577. [2] as a change in BMI of less than 3%. Coronary microvascular dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis compared to diabetes mellitus and association with all-cause mortality. Shoop-Worrall SJW, et al. ZS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Altman DG. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022;74(1):12630. How much is all star special at Waffle House? 2021;73(1):13845. Differences in capacity of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Med Res Methodol. Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Melo ECP, Portela LF, Rotenberg L. Nurses of large public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro: socio demographic and work related characteristics. Roth C, Foraker RE, Payne PR, Embi PJ. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24799. Terms and Conditions, We used a 5% weight change threshold because prior studies suggest that this degree of weight change is clinically relevant [2]. And most of these studies are quite small. What does the editor mean by 'removing unnecessary macros' in a math research paper? Clinical features of systemic sclerosis-mixed connective tissue disease and systemic sclerosis overlap syndromes. Yoshida K, et al. Long-term mortality of patients with osteoarthritis after joint replacement: prognostic value of preoperative and postoperative pain and function. Assessing the reporting of categorised quantitative variables in observational epidemiological studies. Elevated anti-citrullinated protein antibodies prior to rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis and risks for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. 2012;102:e7480. Perruccio AV, et al. 2021;73(2):27581. PubMed Central Cumulative disadvantage and disparities in depression and pain among veterans with osteoarthritis: the role of perceived discrimination. Table S4. Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(5):6719. Patient global assessment of disease activity and radiographic progression in early arthritis: three-year results from the ESPOIR cohort. Common methodological issues and suggested solutions in bone research. Impact of limited health literacy on patient-reported outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. ZS and AS own 50% of each of the shares in Zuman International Pty Ltd, which receives royalties and other payments for educational resources and services in adult weight management and research methodology. Sas will define BMICAT length based on the length of the first value it assigns. 2021;31(1):010502. Significant gains in rheumatoid arthritis quality measures among RISE registry practices. Specifically, in our categorical analysis, the outcome of progression in inferior acetabular osteophytes in the hip was associated with a decrease in BMI. The relationship between BMI and dietary intake of primary school children from a rural area of South Africa: the Ellisras longitudinal study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(1):1009. And am I wrong about the age thing? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). A qualitative or express variable is a variable that does not have a numeric importance yet is classed into categories. The usual categories of BMI are pretty much worthless for almost anything except statistical analysis, however, for what it's worth. 2021;73(5):6339. The results of the quantile regression showed that, generally, the effects of the variables investigated were greater in the upper quantiles of the BMI distribution. The obesity paradox in metastatic castration-resistant - Nature Liao KP, et al. Different analytical techniques have been used to study the determinants of overweight. 2021;73(8):115361. Foot orthoses and footwear for the management of patellofemoral osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized trial. Touma Z, et al. All participants signed declarations of informed consent. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); non-linear relationship with total body fat %, Splines and polynomials have meaningful advantages for handling continuous variables, OpenSAFELY studys categorical data on BMI, U-shaped curve for all-cause mortality prior to COVID-19. A short and simple one today. I am trying to make a contingency table with other categories, but I need to make sure that BMI Category is a quantitative variable. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. Their work was supported in part by grant 1 D43 TW00640 from the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). A third method ('RR shift') takes elements of both the categorical and the continuous approach. Youve probably heard that obesity is a risk factor for COVID-19. Accordingly, given the diversity of methods employed to investigate the relationship between overweight and its potential risk factors, the aim of this study was to compare different regression models on the basis of data collected from nurses at public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, and to identify the best approach for application in this scenario. 2022;74(1):15160. 2021;73(9):123642. 2021;73(2):2828. Because the counting numbers ( N ) are countable, they manage the discrete. Development and assessment of novel lung ultrasound interpretation criteria for the detection of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. & Sainsbury, A. Fox J, Monette G. Generalized collinearity diagnostics. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Nikiphorou E, et al. low back pain as a risk factor for recurrent falls in people with knee osteoarthritis. Yoshida K, et al. 2021;29(5):90918. Early binding, mutual recursion, closures. Canadian Guidelines for Body Weight Classification in Adults. An eight-year follow-up study. [2], we did not exclude participants who showed a modest change in BMI (35%); and we defined the stable BMI category (which was the reference category) as those individuals who exhibited a change in BMI of less than 5%, whereas it was defined by Joseph et al. Precision medicine approach to develop and internally validate optimal exercise and weight-loss treatments for overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: data from a single-center randomized trial. Berry KM, et al. Cancer risk in a large inception systemic lupus erythematosus cohort: effects of demographic characteristics, smoking, and medications. Miura D, et al. Drewnowski A, Aggarwal A, Hurvitz PM, Monsivais P, Moudon AV. 2006;25(1):12741. Collins JE, Neogi T, Losina E. Trajectories of structural disease progression in knee osteoarthritis. Remission vs low disease activity: function, quality of life and structural outcomes in the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Study and Network. 2021;73(3):43241. 2021;73(10):150210. Modified 2016 American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Criteria, the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations Innovations Opportunities and Networks-American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy, and the Prevalence of Fibromyalgia. Stack Exchange network consists of 182 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. 2021;73(5):6806. Impact of disease activity on physical activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Impact of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment on medication adherence in youth with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Health literacy and appropriateness of self-care and pain management in osteoarthritis: an understanding of the patients perspective. Huang Y-C, et al. 2008;8:59. [2]. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. The associations of change in BMI change with outcomes, as treating change in BMI categorical (using 3, 5 and 10% weight change categories) and continuous variable. We conducted and compared the results of two analyses of the association between our predictor variable (percentage change in body mass index [BMI] from baseline to four years) and two outcome variable domains of structure and pain in knee and hip osteoarthritis. The greatest differences among the models evaluated related to the variable mothers schooling. Giancane G, et al. Jorge A, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Davis AM, et al. Mostly from electronic health records on patient BMI. Incidence of outcomes in main cohort (the cohort for investigating the progression of knee and hip osteoarthritis and the incidence of total joint replacement). (LogOut/ May indicate an eating disorder or other underlying illness. Knudsen SS, et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Arthritis Rheum. Hammer NM, et al. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(6):81827. You spotted the Apgar score, yes? 2014;14:603. Association between rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and periodontitis defined by tooth loss: longitudinal and cross-sectional data from two observational studies. Tu L, et al. It may underestimate or overestimate health risks in specific groups such as: young adults who have not reached full growth, adults who naturally have a very lean body build, highly muscular adults, adults over 65 years of age, and certain ethnic and racial groups. Unique serum immune phenotypes and stratification of Oklahoma native American rheumatic disease patients. Cross Validated is a question and answer site for people interested in statistics, machine learning, data analysis, data mining, and data visualization. Garrido-Cumbrera M, et al. vital status. Inflation of the type I error rate when a continuous confounding variable is categorized in logistic regression analyses. Splines and polynomials have meaningful advantages for handling continuous variables, compared to dichotomization and categorical bins. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Bowers E, et al. 2022;74(1):2230. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(6):88592. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). For example, high domestic overload was associated to an increase of 60% in the likelihood of overweight in the binary logistic model, and of 52 % and 80% in the likelihood of overweight and obesity, respectively, in the multinomial logistic model. For the continuous analysis, we first determined whether the percentage change in BMI had a linear relationship with each of our outcomes using the Box-Tidwell method. Categorical variables take class or label values and vicinity anyone into one of many groups. Variables selected for illustration purposes, and their effects on BMI in the gamma and quantile regressions, are plotted in Fig. '90s space prison escape movie with freezing trap scene. BMC Public Health. For example: Trendy temperature is 30.5 degree Celsius, here 30.5 is not a discrete variable and hence is a continual variable. End stage osteoarthritis of hips was defined as having JSN that had an Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grade of 3 (the highest possible OARSI grade) in both hips, in any of the two sides of the hip (i.e., lateral or medial). The likelihood of overweight, in turn, is very low for the extreme profiles, but reaches approximately 35% among individuals with the intermediate profile. PubMed Snapinn SM, Jiang Q. Responder analyses and the assessment of a clinically relevant treatment effect. Thanks for contributing an answer to Cross Validated! Sample size, power and effect size revisited: simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies. Kronzer VL, et al. Randomized controlled trial of patient education tools for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Exploring the associations among occupational balance and health of adults with and without inflammatory arthritis. The authors of the HAPO paper have discarded a linear model with BMI as a continuous exposure variable because of a statistically significant squared term of BMI. 2022;81(7):9708. The impact of body mass index on treatment outcomes for patients with Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. ZS performed the statistical analysis. 2021;73(7):10317. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(11):15617. Lanni S, et al. 2021;73(11):167888. Obesity and the risk of incident chronic opioid use in rheumatoid arthritis. Discrete choice experiment on a magnetic resonance imaging scoring system for temporomandibular joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. OAI data is openly available to researchers for scientific and educational purposes. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3340-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3340-2. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). We have not adjusted the significance level for multiple testing (e.g., Bonferroni adjustment). Researchers in rheumatology should avoid categorization of continuous predictor variables, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-023-01926-4, https://nda.nih.gov/static/docs/StudyDesignProtocolAndAppendices.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, bmcmedicalresearchmethodology@biomedcentral.com. It only takes a minute to sign up. Nguyen TV. J Multivar Anal. However, assuming that women provide reasonably accurate and complete data for their height, but not for their weight ( Gorber et al., 2007 ), we focused on the utility of categorical weight . 2021;73(12):1796803. 2021;73(9):12508. The classification system is not intended for use with: WC is an indicator of health risk associated with excess abdominal fat. Of the models evaluated, the gamma model (AIC=12,183) returned best fit, followed by the models for the 0.25 and 0.5 quantiles (AIC=12,310 and AIC=12,318, respectively). LLJ and RML participated in the conception and design of the manuscript, statistical analysis, data interpretation and drafted the manuscript. The two graphs below summarize BMI (Body Mass Index) measurements in four categories, i.e., younger and older men and . In our clinical example, age is an example of a quantitative variable due to the fact it could take on assorted numerical values. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. The impact of living through COVID19 pandemic on mental health, food Patient-reported impact of axial spondyloarthritis on working life: results from the European map of axial spondyloarthritis survey. Preferences for self-management and support services in patients with inflammatory joint disease: a Danish nationwide cross-sectional study. Whats the actual consequence, in other words. Association of race and risk of future scleroderma renal crisis at systemic sclerosis diagnosis. Our two outcome variable domains of structure and pain of knee and hip osteoarthritis covered a total of 26 outcomes (18 in the structure and 8 in the pain outcome variable domains). 2021;73(2):21520. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Accessed 8Feb 2023. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Consumption of fried food was significant in all models, but the gradient of the effect varied. Due to sectional nature of this study, is not possible to establish cause and effect relationship. BMC Public Health In that way, three profiles were formed with the following characteristics: healthy (26years old, no partner, white, mother with 0-8 years schooling, low domestic overload, never worked nights, good self-rated health, consumes fried food less than once a month, physically active and BMI at age 20years 16.9kg/m2); intermediate (39.5years old, with partner, brown, mother with 9-11 years schooling, low domestic overload, 7.1years worked at night, good self-rated health, consumes fried food from one to three times a week, physically inactive and BMI at age 20years 21.2kg/m2); and unhealthy (56years old, with partner, black, mother with 12 or more years schooling, high domestic overload, 21years worked at night, poor self-rated health, consumes fried food daily, physically inactive and BMI at age 20years 26.7kg/m2). Change). Body Mass Index (BMI) Nomogram - Canada.ca Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Rumsey DG, et al. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online; 2014. Lazzeri G, Giacchi MV, Spinelli A, Pammolli A, Dalmasso P, Nardone P, et al. Trends in systemic sclerosis mortality over forty-eight years, 19682015: a US population-based study. Blalock SJ, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). [2] that investigated the association between percentage change in BMI over four years and the two outcome variable domains of structure and pain in knee and hip osteoarthritis using data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) study. If a GPS displays the correct time, can I trust the calculated position? Decrease in body mass index is associated with reduced incidence and progression of the structural defects of knee osteoarthritis: a prospective multi-cohort study. But@TessaRDavis Im sure will be joining in with some ideas for future topics ..?). For the intermediate profile, however, the values were similar. A high BMI can indicate high body fatness. The local institutional review boards of the OAI centers reviewed and approved the informed consent documentation and ethics approval. Cookies policy. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). IEEE Trans Autom Control. Body mass index (BMI) data are commonly modelled by logistic regression (binary and multinomial) [1, 2] and robust Poisson regression [3, 4] for the purpose of identifying factors associated with overweight/obesity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;75:84859. However, from the categorical analysis in this study, we would have concluded that a decrease in BMI is associated with beneficial effects for knee structure and pain in osteoarthritis but that an increase in BMI is not associated with harmful effects. 2021;73(2):2409. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24823. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). For continuous variables, the mean value was used for the intermediate profile, and the 5th and 95th percentiles of the distribution, for the extreme profiles. Identifying long-term trajectories of foot pain severity and potential prognostic factors: a population-based cohort study. Maternal hypertensive disorders in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus and future cardiovascular outcomes. Siegel JN, Zhen BG. statement and Rheumatol Adv Pract. For BMI and COVID-19 outcomes at least, the answer appears to be negative. Canakinumabs effect against subsequent gout flares and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels: a causal mediation analysis. Classification BMI Category (kg/m) Risk of developing health problems; Underweight <18.5: Increased: Normal Weight: 18.5 - 24.9: Least: Overweight: 25.0 - 29.9: Increased: Obese Class I: 30.0 - 34.9: High: Obese Class II: 35.0 - 39.9: Very high: Obese Class III >=40.0: Extremely high To-Miles F, et al. Obesity progression between young adulthood and midlife and incident arthritis: a retrospective cohort study of US adults. To determine WC, the measurer should stand beside the individual. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). The STATA code can be obtained from the authors upon request. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Lifetime risk of primary shoulder arthroplasty from 2008 to 2017: a population-level analysis using National Registry Data. For one, you might be looking at a U-shaped curve (see the OpenSAFELY studys categorical data on BMI for an example). Gao Y, et al. Baseline gait muscle activation patterns differ for osteoarthritis patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty five to eight years later from those who do not. Some of the data is from primary care, in which the patient gets regular weigh-ins and their height has been measured at least once in adulthood. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Baker JF, Katz P, Michaud K. Defining minimum clinically important changes for the Patient Activity Scale II. In the first analysis (categorical analysis), percentage change in BMI was categorized as 5% decrease in BMI, < 5% change in BMI, and 5% increase in BMI, while in the second analysis (continuous analysis), it was left as a continuous variable. Losina E, et al. Zhao N, et al. Olofsson T, et al. The 4 outcomes for any knee and hip pain were investigated in the any knee pain cohort and any hip pain cohort, respectively. 2021;73(9):131221. Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. Hello, Could someone show me the codes for grouping a continuous variable as a categorical variable? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Williams PT. Age and sex. PubMed This interval-level BMI data can be collapsed into ordinal categories inclusive of obese, overweight, and underweight, or it is decreased to nominal-level different types which includes overweight and now not overweight. Variability in glucocorticoid prescribing for rheumatoid arthritis and the influence of provider preference on long-term use of glucocorticoids. Flowers P, et al. Jun JB, et al. The definitions of these 26 outcomes are detailed in the supplementary file. As opposed to the study by Joseph et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).
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