Responsibilities for IAQ issues are usually divided among many different agencies. Low-level NO2 exposure may cause increased bronchial reactivity in some asthmatics, decreased lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and increased risk of respiratory infections, especially in young children. Areas where dust collects may accumulate biological contaminants, such as: Standards and Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: There are currently no federal government standards for biologicals in school indoor air environments. As air moves from supply outlets to return inlets, for example, it is diverted or obstructed by walls and furnishings, and redirected by openings that provide pathways for air movement. Air filters are needed for protection of HVAC components and reduction of airborne dust, pollens and micro-organisms from recirculated and outdoor air streams. Residential Air-Cleaning Devices: A Summary of Available Information. Energy Cost and IAQ Performance of Ventilation Systems and Controls Modeling Study. In older units, odor problems are often associated with moldy classroom carpets. An official website of the United States government. (October 1997)* Prepared by U.S. EPA. Standards and Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: No standards have been agreed upon for nitrogen oxides in indoor air. Please Note: Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. Building Radon Out: A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Build Radon-Resistant Homes (April 2001)* contains all the info you need in one place to educate home builders about radon-resistant new construction (RRNC). Health Effects: CO is an asphyxiate. Indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools, however, presents a different problem. First, ensure that a spokesperson is ready by having a working understanding of the communication guidance found in this section, and a background knowledge of IAQ as outlined in Section 1 and Section 2. Follows eight logical steps and includes a checklist to assist building owners and managers in understanding building conditions and implementing good IAQ management practices. Therefore, outdoor air entering through leaks in the building lowers the airborne moisture levels indoors. Outdoor emissions can infiltrate through windows and air intakes, resulting in student and staff exposure to pollutants and toxics. An Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality. * Prepared by U.S. EPA. Managing Asthma: A Guide for Schools. A table of outdoor air quantities in schools as recommended by ASHRAE Standard 62-2001, "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality," is shown below. If you identify a radon problem in your school, EPA developed guidance on radon mitigation entitled Reducing Radon in Schools A Team Approach(EPA 402-R-94-008) that describes the recommended approach to radon mitigation in schools and provides an overview of the mitigation process to the IAQ Coordinator. Provides information and materials regarding asthma education and prevention. PDF Encouraging Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) - OECD When code requirements change over time (as code organizations adapt to new information and technologies), buildings are usually not required to modify their structure or operation to conform to the new codes. Maryland State Department of Education. What are the components of the communication process? Control Measures: Combustion equipment must be maintained to assure that there are no blockages and air and fuel mixtures must be properly adjusted to ensure more complete combustion. Key features of smoking education programs include: School-based non-smoking policies are important because the school environment should be free from secondhand smoke for health reasons and because teachers and staff are role models for children. A. Reducing the moisture content (vapor pressure) of the air; Increasing air movement at the surface; or. 1600 Clifton Road, NE (Mail Stop K50) Atlanta, GA 30333. Examples of planned activities include: Notification of planned activities can also prevent problems from arising with students and staff with special needs. 412-232-3444, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute The idea of testing the air to learn whether it is "safe" or "unsafe" is very appealing. Radon Measurement in Schools: Self-Paced Training Workbook. Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings. References from clients who have received comparable services. Outdoor air should be supplied continuously when a classroom is occupied. During an asthma episode, the airways in the lungs narrow, making breathing difficult. Child-sized furniture: Results in fewer accidents and injuries. Once you identify the likely cause of the IAQ problem, or the solution is readily apparent, refer to Section 6: "Solving IAQ Problems" for potential courses of action. For hard copies, call the National Lead Information Center at (800) 424-LEAD. In particular, young children may be particularly susceptible as they can encounter pesticides while crawling, exploring, or through hand-to-mouth activities. Indoor Activity Space At least 35 square feet per child Floors of all rooms must have a clean surface 22 CCR 101238.3 Kindergarten classroom size for permanent structures is not less than 1,350 square feet, including restrooms, storage, teacher preparation, wet and dry areas Classrooms are designed to allow supervision of and more frequent visits to the emergency room and hospital. Check for drafts, radiant heat (gain or loss) and other localized temperature control or ventilation problems near the affected individual(s). Occupants who feel their concerns are being heard may temporarily stop reporting discomfort or health symptoms, even if the actual cause of their complaints has not been corrected. In humid climates, avoid introducing significant amounts of moisture during the flush out. Health Effects: The effects of tobacco smoke on smokers include: Secondhand smoke has been classified as a "Group A" carcinogen by EPA and has multiple health effects on children. Vacuuming carpet and fabric-covered furniture regularly. ", Reaching 100 percent RH without changing the air temperature is possible by increasing the amount of water vapor in the air (the "absolute humidity" or "vapor pressure"). In addition, the appendix includes a section on IAQ-related publications. Develop and implement a "list of things to do before starting the class," including ensuring that the ventilation system is operating at least one hour before the class starts and watching for rust spots, wet spots and other signs of deterioration of infrastructure. When mold spores land on a damp spot indoors, they may begin growing and digesting whatever they are growing on to survive. 5101:2-12-11 Indoor and Outdoor Space Requirements for a Licensed Child If a facility has less than seventy-five square feet of accessible outdoor space per child or provides active play space indoors for other reasons, a large indoor activity room that meets the requirement for seventy-five square feet per child may be used if it meets the following requirements: Mobile sources are responsible for about half the air toxin emissions and risk nationwide. minimum space recommended per child for indoor classrooms is a. over 100 square feet Building Air Quality Action Plan (BAQ Action Plan). (1977) Prepared by, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Current Intelligence Bulletin 45: Polychlorinated Biphenyls -- Potential Health Hazards from Electrical Equipment Fires or Failures. (1999) Prepared by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Cincinnati, OH. Chapter 7 Flashcards | Quizlet The "Pro-Children Act of 1994" prohibits smoking in Head Start facilities, and in kindergarten, elementary and secondary schools that receive Federal funding from the Department of Education, the Department of Agriculture, or the Department of Health and Human Services (except Medicare or Medicaid). 770-488-5705, National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute Information Center Added layers of clothing reduce the rate of heat loss. The same principles apply: either surfaces are too cold, moisture levels are too high, or both. C. 50 square feet. If the Action Kit or its contents are reproduced or modified, EPA would appreciate knowing how it is used. There are many safe IPM practices for schools: An efficient IPM program can and should be integrated with other school management activities, such as: To establish an IPM program in your school: Step 1: Develop an official IPM Policy Statement. If building occupants are informed that their symptoms may persist for some time after solving the problem, the inability to bring instant relief is less likely to be seen as a failure. Problems related to sources can stem from improper material selection or application, allowing conditions that can increase biological contamination and dust accumulation, or source location. Focus on areas in the school where symptoms or discomfort have been reported. "Bake out" is defined as increasing temperatures up to 100oF in order to "artificially age" building materials. (1989) Dale L. Keyes and Jean Chesson. Contact: 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210. WHO Regional Publications, European Series Number 23. In addition, mobile sources produce air toxins e.g.. which are pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health or environmental effects. These allergens are common in schools. On a localized basis, the movements of people have a major impact on pollutant transport. Reducing the entry of moisture into the wall cavities (e.g., by controlling entry and/or exit of moisture-laden air with a continuous vapor barrier). It is also possible to reach 100 percent RH without changing the amount of water vapor in the air, by lowering the air temperature to the "dew point.". When mold spores land on a damp spot indoors, they may begin growing and digesting whatever they are growing on in order to survive. Short-term exposure may cause: Control Measures: Effective technologies to reduce PM2.5 include particulate filters and catalysts that can be installed on buses. Strain relationships among school administration, parents and staff. The frequency and severity of asthma attacks can be reduced by following a comprehensive asthma management plan that incorporates medical treatment and environmental management of asthma. This guidance can be helpful in selecting a mitigation strategy and in evaluating the practicality and effectiveness of proposals from outside professionals or in-house staff. See Section 5. Tissues with the highest oxygen needs myocardium, brain and exercising muscle are the first affected. See: In addition to the number of potential pollutants, another complicating factor is that indoor air pollutant concentration levels can vary by time and location within the school building, or even a single classroom. People exposed to significant levels of nitrogen dioxide are at higher risk for respiratory infections. Some schools and districts may already have established policies on what constitutes a life and safety emergency. * Prepared by U.S. EPA. Beneficial landscaping can be incorporated into science and environmental education. The purpose of this section is to provide an understanding of basic principles in solving IAQ problems. Prompt and effective remediation of moisture problems is essential to minimize potential mold exposures and their potential health effects. The schools representatives must exercise vigilance in overseeing diagnostic activities and corrective action. Check ventilation and temperature control for entire building. Stack effect is the pressure-driven airflow produced by convection, the tendency of warm air to rise. Water vapor also moves into the building through the ventilation system, through openings in the building shell, or directly through building materials. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC 20460 Provides information on testing for radon in homes and related health risks for: Indoor Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurement Device Protocols. Divide the total inches by 12, to convert to feet. Provides an organized summary of information related to facts of mold growth in school buildings and portable classrooms. Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools Case Studies. Measure the length and width of the room, in inches. What is the recommended amount of indoor space per child sq ft per child? Typically, these rooms are the living room, kitchen/dining room, and any bedrooms you may have . Install an awning over the portables entrance to help prevent rain and snow from blowing directly into classrooms. In recent years, large outbreaks of influenza have caused entire schools and districts to cease operation temporarily. (a) Indoor classroom space the minimum square feet of space per child shall be as follows: (1) Preschool 35 square feet of space per student in classrooms with a minimum height of 8-foot ceilings. Clear Your Home of Asthma Triggers: Your Children Will Breathe Easier. If your schools budget does not allow the purchase of some or all of the equipment, try a cooperative approach: Do not let a lack of equipment prevent you from conducting the recommended activities. Local, state, or Federal government agencies (e.g., education, health, or air pollution agencies) may be able to provide expert assistance or direction in solving IAQ problems. A Citizens Guide to Radon: The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your Family from Radon* Prepared by U.S. EPA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Public Health Service. Occupants can also be carriers of communicable disease and allergens, such as pet dander. (1) CHILDREN. Whether or not this is legally mandated for your school, the professional engineers knowledge of air handling, conditioning and sequencing strategies will help to design ventilation system modifications without creating other problems. Top Preschool Classroom Layouts & Daycare Floor Plans - brightwheel Mold growth can be rampant when these interior finishes are coupled with cold spots and exterior moisture. If symptoms continue when occupants leave the building, there may be non-building related causes. See: For most IAQ issues, schools can pull together a team of in-house staff to solve and prevent problems. There are many different kinds of mold. National Clean Diesel Campaign - Clean School Bus, Indoor Air Quality and Portable Classrooms, Recommendations for Schools Using Portables, California Advisory on Relocatable and Renovated Classrooms (PDF), Federal Agencies with Major Indoor Air Responsibilities for Public and Commercial Buildings, Professional and Standards Setting Organizations, Environmental/Health/Consumer Organizations, Multiple Chemical Sensitivity-Related Organizations, Organizations Offering Training on Indoor Air Quality, Other EPA Contacts and Programs of Interest, Find Information about Local Radon Zones and State Contact Information, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute. The IAQ Backgrounder and checklists provide information on typical IAQ problems found in schools. For more information on mold remediation refer to Appendix L: "Resources". Published by College Planning and Management, Right from the Start - Constructing a Healthy School. To ensure success, solutions should not require exotic equipment, unfamiliar concepts, or delicately maintained systems. (2001). I have been able to observe and work with groups of young children who have been confined to the minimum standard as well as groups that have been given a more generous sized classroom. The first condensing surface in a wall cavity in a heating climate is typically the inner surface of the exterior sheathing. Unfortunately, this also increases energy consumption and reduces relative humidity in the breathing zone, which can create discomfort. 410-333-2508. My concern is that the 35 sq ft/child standard is much too small. Minimum space recommended per child for indoor classrooms is: A - Weegy Examples of objectives for school buildings may include preserving the integrity of building structures or preventing interference with the learning environment of the students. Exposure to outdoor air pollution, such as diesel exhaust, ozone and particulate matter, can trigger an asthma episode or exacerbate asthma symptoms. This mixture contains more than 4,000 substances, more than 40 of which are known to cause cancer in humans or animals and many of which are strong irritants. Performance specifications can help to ensure the desired results. For hard copies, call the National Lead Information Center at (800) 424-LEAD. Any modification to building components or mechanical systems should be designed and installed in conformance with applicable fire, electrical and other building codes. Preventing Indoor Air Quality Problems in New Buildings. 650-855-2902, Manufacturers of Emissions Controls Association National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory Vacuuming the classroom frequently and thoroughly. (b) Ratios and group size. The approach with the lowest initial cost may not be the least expensive over the long run. (1) IN GENERAL. Preliminary findings by staff suggest the need for measurements that require specialized equipment and skills that are not available in-house. 404-636-8400, Association of Higher Education Facilities Offices (APPA) Profiles of School Conditions by State. asbestos). Trees, shrubs and native plants absorb water more efficiently than lawns and therefore minimize runoff and erosion. An Update on Formaldehyde. This type of system should be engineered on a case-by-case basis. 35 sq ft A child in your classroom just stuck scissors into a electrical outlet. Resolving IAQ problems involves diagnosing the cause, applying practical actions that either reduce emissions from pollutant sources, remove pollutants from the air (e.g., increasing ventilation or air cleaning), or both. heat and cool this outdoor air at design outdoor air temperatures for the specific geographic location where each classroom is installed. EPA adopted more stringent standards for gasoline-powered equipment, such as lawnmowers and string trimmers, which will lower hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. Small particles are more likely to be airborne and are capable of passing through the body's defenses and entering the lungs. Sources: Biological contaminants are, or are produced by, living things. The general nature of the problem, the types of complaints that have been received and the locations that are affected; The administrations policy in regard to providing a healthy and safe environment; What has been done to address the problems or complaints, including the types of information that are being gathered; What is currently being done, including factors that have been evaluated and found not to be causing or contributing to the problem; Attempts that are being made to improve IAQ; Work that remains to be done and the expected schedule for its completion; The name and telephone number of the IAQ Coordinator, who can be contacted for further information or to register complaints; and. 5.1 Overall Requirements 5.1.2 Space per Child 5.1.2.1: Space Required per Child In general, the designated area for children's activities should contain a minimum of forty-two square feet of usable floor space per child. Provides reference material on selected IAQ topics. (Available in Spanish. Current through Register Vol. All schools need ventilation, which is the process of supplying outdoor air to occupied areas within the school. Will communications be in writing, by telephone, or face-to-face? An Office Building Occupant's Guide to Indoor Air Quality. However, a time may come when outside assistance is needed. Refer to the IPM Checklist for a list of possible strategies for indoor and outdoor sites as well as information on safe pesticide use and storage. The key to mold control is moisture control. (Fall 2001)* Prepared by U.S. EPA. Check local requirements. 301-592-8573, U.S. Department of Energy Approximately 73 percent of these schools will have only five or fewer schoolrooms with radon levels above the action level. EPA does not require retention or submission of any information gathered, and EPA has no regulatory or enforcement authority regarding general indoor air quality in schools. Fixing plumbing leaks and other moisture problems. (2002)* Prepared by U.S. EPA. (1999) Prepared by William A. Turner. These problems can: Impact student attendance, comfort and performance. The more clearly you can define the project scope, the more likely you are to achieve the desired result without paying for unnecessary services. Available from Eley Associates, 142 Minna Street, San Francisco, CA 94108. Removing basic elements that pests need for survival; or. Concern about IAQ stimulated reconsideration of the standard, so that its most recent version, Standard 62-2001, calls for a minimum of 15 cfm/person in classrooms. Question : MULTIPLE CHOICE 1.Minimum space recommended per child for The term "person" means any state or local subdivision thereof, agency of such state or subdivision, corporation, or partnership that owns or operates or otherwise controls and provides childrens services or any individual who owns or operates or otherwise controls and provides such services. Consumers Guide to Radon Reduction: How to Fix Your Home* Prepared by U.S. EPA. 410-333-2508. Order an additional "outdoor air kit" since manufacturers do not include outdoor air intakes in their standard classroom models. Long, daily school bus rides may contribute to elevated exposure to diesel exhaust for many students. Establish a monitoring program that involves routine inspections to track the success of the habitat modifications and to estimate the size of the pest population. (October 2001)* Prepared by U.S. EPA. (February 2002)* Prepared by U.S. EPA. Even when people smoke outside, secondhand smoke may enter the school through the ventilation system, windows and doors. These include: In addition, activities and decisions, such as deferring maintenance to "save" money, can lead to problems from sources and ventilation. For example, lawn and garden equipment should be maintained regularly according to manufacturer guidelines to prevent problems that decrease efficiency and increase emissions. Verified Answer for the question: [Solved] Minimum space recommended per child for indoor classrooms is: A) over 100 square feet B) 35 square feet C) 50 square feet D) 75 to 100 square feet (2004)* Prepared by U.S. EPA. In addition, there is evidence that dust mites may cause asthma. For additional information on asthma and asthma triggers, refer to Appendix E: "Typical Indoor Air Pollutants" and Appendix L: "Resources". These emissions contribute to air pollution nationwide and are the primary cause of air pollution in many areas. (1997) Prepared by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. High Performance Schools Best Practices Manual. (1977) Prepared by, U.S. Department of Health And Human Services, and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Leave grass clippings on lawns. (1993)* Prepared by U.S. EPA. Without this understanding, planning appropriate sampling locations and times, instrumentation and analysis procedures is impossible. Report of the Inter-ministerial Committee on Indoor Air Quality. The operating principle of the IAQ solution needs to make sense and be suited to the problem. Over the past several decades, exposure to indoor air pollutants has increased due to a variety of factors. These levels of indoor air pollutants are of particular concern because most people spend about 90 percent of their time indoors. Teaching and training school occupants about IAQ issues. 555 New Jersey Ave., N.W. Promulgates safety and health standards, facilitates training and consultation and enforces regulations to ensure that workers are provided with safe and healthful working conditions. Health Effects: NO2 acts mainly as an irritant affecting: Extremely high-dose exposure (as in a building fire) to NO2 may result in pulmonary edema and diffuse lung injury. Health Effects: Particulate matter is associated with a variety of serious health effects, including lung disease, asthma and other respiratory problems. Allergens from pests may be significant asthma triggers for students and staff in schools. In addition, they are inexpensive (approximately $10), making them cost-effective solutions for reducing exposure to evaporated fuel. Molds can grow on and within: When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth will often occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or unaddressed. Consider explanations other than air contaminants. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the Federal agency responsible for workplace safety and health. Most public and commercial buildings are designed to be positively pressurized, so that unconditioned air does not enter through openings in the building envelope causing discomfort or air quality problems. PDF Child Care Licensing Center Child Care Application ), Section 1 Why IAQ Is Important to Your School, Appendix A Hiring Professional Assistance, Appendix I Emissions from Motor Vehicles and Equipment, Interaction of Sources, HVAC Systems, Pathways, and Occupants, "Typical Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants. At concentrations above 1.5 percent (15,000 ppm) some loss of mental acuity has been noted. Check local sources (see above) and consider that common sources may affect only susceptible individuals. In this building, increasing the outdoor air ventilation rate is probably not an effective way to control interior mold and mildew.
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