The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Singh RM, Fedacko J, Mojto V, Isaza A, Dewim M, Watanabe S, et al. First Round Processing. Barley > Defeat Diabetes Foundation Minimally processed millets were 30% more effective in lowering GI of a meal compared to milled rice and refined wheat. The lower the GI of a food, the lower its propensity for raising blood glucose levels, says the lead study author,Seetha Anitha, PhD, a senior scientist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Patancheru, India. Millet is an ancient grain that has been consumed for centuries and serves as a staple food in many parts of the world. A meta-analysis was conducted using software R studio version 3.5.1 (2018) to obtain forest plots and estimates of heterogeneity (I2) to evaluate the randomisation of the studies. The PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1) shows the study design and the criteria for including and excluding papers. 8:687428. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.687428. J NutrEnviron Med. SA, JK-P, KDVP, DIG, AR, DJP, KS, RKB, and MV: review and writing. Your IP: (2019) 22:15360. 64. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.019, 32. On the other hand, among the broad group of millet crops (millets, sorghum, and teff), all of them showed lower GI values except little and pearl millet, for which the coefficient was negative (13.3 and 18.1) but not statistically significant (p = 0.445 and 0.127). This slows down the release of glucose from food, causing a significant decrease in glycaemic response. Note that the age group of the participants was given as the mean age in years in many studies. The 4 Gut-Healthy, Gluten-Free and Lectin-Free Grains Poole N, Kane-Potaka J. Alyami J, Ladd N, Pritchard SE, Hoad CL, Sultan AA, Spiller RC, et al. doi: 10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00303, 62. 5. The Smart Food Triple Bottom Line Starting with Diversifying Staples Including Summary of latest Smart Food studies at ICRISAT, Agriculture for Development journal, No. Millets are widely recognised as having a low Glycaemic Index (GI) helping to manage diabetes. 75. Table 2 also shows the in vitro GI of two types of millets. Glycemic Index measures how food raises blood glucose levels, i.e the more the GI the more the sugar levels in your blood. Most of the in vivo studies included in the systematic review did not have the standard number of 812 subjects to determine GI, as recommended by FAO/WHO (91). The glycemic load (GL) of millet is equal to 51.1, which classifies it as a high GL food. However, fonio and proso millet came from a single source of reference and the samples were the same; so only a fixed effect model was used in the interpretation which demonstrated a significant effect in reducing post-prandial blood glucose levels. IJMER. Millets are widely recognised as having a low Glycaemic Index (GI) helping to manage diabetes. Available online at: https://taa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Ag4Dev41_Winter_2020_WEB.pdf, 4. (87) reported that high fibre content in finger millet gives rise to slower gastric emptying or the formation of non-absorbable complexes with carbohydrates in the gut lumen. 6. Iron 11%. 56. The coefficient of type 2 diabetes showed that subjects with type 2 diabetes tend to exhibit higher GI (+5.3, p = 0.002) values after a meal compared to those without diabetes. Take off the heat and let it stand covered for about 5 minutes. (2017) 118:4957. Before we get an overview of each of these four grains, this is what's generally common about millet, fonio, sorghum, and teff: They are ancient grains, originating in Africa. In addition, the interaction term between the type 2 diabetic condition and crop dummies was also examined. Finger millet is widely found in India, China and in some Eastern and Southern African countries, whereas fonio is widely distributed in Western Africa and Job's tears in northeast India, southern and eastern Asia and southern China. All of this together make millets an effective food for managing blood glucose levels in the long run, Anitha says. The most important feature of the multiple regression (there is more than one independent variable) is that the covariates are controlled for in the estimation of the coefficient of a certain variable. (2010) 16:3618. RELATED: What Is a Type 2 Diabetes Diet? The 17 crops compared with maize were Job's tears (adlay millet), barnyard millet, finger millet, fonio, foxtail millet, kodo millet, little millet, pearl millet, mixed millet (i.e., a mixture of millets and other crops), sorghum, teff, legume, roots and tubers, rice, refined wheat, wheat-based, and other (any other crops were regarded as one group). Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. This effect on the funnel plot was adjusted and accounted for using trim and fill method until the plot became symmetrical (p < 0.0001; Figure 9). The glycemic index (GI) of millet equals to 70.0, which classifies it as a high GI food. Descriptive statistics calculated mean, standard deviation and percentage values of outcomes. Available online at: https://bookdown.org/MathiasHarrer/Doing_Meta_Analysis_in_R/, 23. About 14% of the cases used the in vitro estimation of GI values while the rest tested on normal subjects (59%) and type 2 diabetic subjects (27%). (2007) 44:1835. J Food Nutr Disord. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. However, when looking at post-prandial blood glucose level, a significant reduction in blood glucose was observed among type 2 diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic ones and the subgroup effect was significant (p < 0.01). Glycaemic gastrointestinal and appetite responses to breakfast porridge from ancient cereal grains: a MRI pilot study in healthy human. (2012) 3:4750. Int J Food Sci Nutr. Almaski A, Shelly COE, Lightowler H, Thondre S. Millet intake and risk factors of type II diabetes: a systematic review. High-fiber, low-GI foods keep blood sugar . 67. Unnikrishnan V, Chithra R, Sujitha S. Formulation of millets incorporated non-vegetarian foods and study of glycaemic index and glycaemic load. These two studies were masking the effect of other studies, and this could be because of the lack of non-random sample selection and allocation, no blinding test (both participants and the testing person) and eventually scored highly critical rank in risk assessment. Frontiers | A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Potential of Major cereal grains production and use around the world. (2017). (2010) 16:49739. J Food Sci Technol. What Is Millet? Nutrition, Benefits, and More - Healthline (2014) 51:3925. This systematic review and meta-analyzes across the different types of millets and different forms of processing/cooking collated all evidences. Eighty-seven percent of diabetes-related deaths occur in low and middle income countries where there is less diversification of staple foods. Using flash continuous glucose monitoring in primary practice. 5 lb Free shipping over $99 $0.19/oz. Hulled millet belong to 'Other Grains & Seeds' food category. Two forest plots constructed during the meta-analysis were repeated in different ways to determine the effect of removing one study that was identified as an outlier or having an odd Standard Mean Difference (SMD) value. 1. Of the 65 studies that were collected globally, 39 studies with 111 observations were used to analyze GI outcomes and 56 studies were used to analyze fasting, post-prandial glucose level, insulin index and HbA1c outcomes in a meta-analysis. Albeit not shown, there were five studies that determined the insulin index (1 study with 5 observations), fasting insulin level (2 studies) and Area Under the Curve of Insulin (AUC) (2 studies) as a co-effect of reduction in GI, and the result showed significant reduction in fasting insulin level (p < 0.01) and insulin index in fixed effect model with no significant effect on AUC insulin (p = 0.24). Jayasinghe et al. Global Diabetes Data Report 20102045. Hymavathi TV, Rao SK, Boini P, Rajesh P, Rodrigues L, Sampathi S, et al. All rights reserved. (2020) 63:21739. Cutting carbs is a mainstay of diabetes management, but its not foolproof. Wolever TMS, Meynier A, Jenkins AL, Brand-Miller JC, Atkinson FS, Gendre D, et al. (35) deviated highly from all other studies. It is a growing public health problem in both developing and developed countries. Available online at: diabetesatlas.org, 2. References in the selected articles were also searched and the full articles were acquired and included in the study, where appropriate. There was a significant reduction in HbA1c level (from 6.65 0.4 to 5.67 0.4%) among pre-diabetic individuals (p < 0.01) who consumed millets for a long period. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13465, 12. 59. Each study was labelled with details of the author and year. Also, fat and protein content in any food slow down the rate of gastric emptying, thereby slowing down the digestion of food in the intestine. (2019) 2019:15. If only the abstract was suitable, then open access articles were downloaded, and the full paper was collected by contacting the authors, editors of the journals, universities that have library facilities and subscription to the journal. (2018) 8:4048. Description of food items in Figures 28: Dosa, Indian pan cake; Roti, a flat round bread cooked on a griddle; Chapatti, a thin flat bread of unleavened wholemeal bread cooked on a griddle; Pittu, Portioned steam cooked cake; Khichdi, Pulse, millet, spices mixed, and cooked together; Laddu, an Indian sweet made from a mixture of flour, sugar, and shortening, which is shaped into a ball; Baati, Hard unleavened bread; Burfi, Indian milk based sweet (here prepared with millet); Upma, a breakfast dish made by simmering roasted grain in tampered and spiced boiling water; Cheela, a savoury pan cake; Bhakri, a round flat unleavened bread. The study looked at how eating millets influenced short-term blood sugar levels as well as A1C. Where given as mmol/l, the values were converted into mg/dl to maintain uniformity of data. Shobana S, Singh R, Kumari U, Malleshi NG, Ali SZ. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose level over a prolonged period. doi: 10.1023/A:1021805028738, 53. In terms of flavor profile, millet has a mild taste similar to corn or quinoa with slight nutty undertones. The effect of consuming millet-based food compared to the respective control samples or pre-intervention (baseline) values of participants of each study was determined through five outcomes, namely GI value (Figures 24), fasting, post-prandial, HbA1c, insulin level of blood in a meta-analysis and a forest plot was generated. While conventionally they are called grains, millet, fonio, and teff are technically seeds. Table 3. In addition, descriptive statistics such as mean, SD for GI, HbA1c, and glucose level were calculated for both intervention and control samples. This results in incomplete hydrolysis of carbohydrates, protein and fats, thereby delaying absorption. It may be noted that Job's tears-based food is comparable with whole wheat-based food and legumes as these two foods lower GI by 37.8 units and 37.0 units, respectively on average than the consumption of maize-based food. Subgroup analyses were conducted to ascertain the effect of different variables and conditions on fasting and post-prandial glucose levels. Glycemic Index of processed Pearl Barley: 22-29 raw, which is still low, 35 or more cooked, which is medium, and over 60 in flakes which is high. Avoid opening the lid and mixing the grain too often because it will cause the grains to fall apart. A cup of cooked millet contains the following key nutrients: 6.11 g of protein. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis: the PRISMA statement. Figure 6. Millets are also packed with. Papers representing glucose response values in figures without providing numeric values were excluded from the meta-analysis. (2018) 24:7482. doi: 10.9790/3013-32201420, 48. The Glycaemic Index of a kodo millet diet compared to control samples. World J Gastroenterol. The Glycemic Index (GI) of upma made from processed finger millet is close to the GI of polished white rice, according to a scientist who is part of a study on finger millets, funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research. Various millets and food forms tested in 63 studies with 267 observations on millets and sorghum and 267 observations on maize, wheat, rice, or reference food (glucose or wheat bread). Luchini C, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Veronese N. Assessing the quality of studies in meta-analyses: advantages and limitations of the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. 9. There are 13 types of millets available globally (5) which include pearl millet, finger millet, sorghum, little millet, proso millet, kodo millet, barnyard millet, brown top millet, foxtail millet, Guinea millet, Job's tears, fonio, and teff. Vitamin B6 0%. How to Make Millet Flour (Gluten-Free, Dairy-Free, Vegan) Malays J Nutr. Hou D, Chen J, Ren X, Wang C, Diao X, Hu X, et al. A systematic review of 19 research articles showed that millets help manage diabetes due to their high fibre, polyphenol, and antioxidant content (6). It is caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas or by ineffectiveness of the insulin. (2014) 2:9229. Results of the subgroup analysis (Figure 8) showed that consuming a millet-based diet for a long time (>3 months) had a significant effect on reducing fasting blood glucose levels in all participants regardless of the group (non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, and diabetic) compared to a regular rice or wheat-based diet (p < 0.01). (2019) 37:15061. Doing META-analysis in R: A Hands-on Guide. J Sci Food Agri. 29. Major crops such as milled rice and refined wheat did not show a GI advantage against maize, indicating that they tend to have relatively high GI values. Figure 5. It has a lower glycemic index, is higher in carbohydrates, and is almost 3 times higher in calories. Lin MA, Wu MC, Lu S, Lin J. Glycaemic index, glycaemic load and insulinemic index of Chinese starchy foods. Studies with information on any one or all of the outcomes including GI, fasting, post-prandial glucose level, insulin index and HbA1c of any millets were selected for the next level of screening. Hulled millet nutrition facts and analysis. - Nutritional Values For 42. (2003) 57:47582. 7. (2004) 22:2137. A risk of bias assessment conducted on all the 65 studies revealed that more than 50% of them had low risk of bias. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the glycemic index of the traditional recipes prepared from developed millet based food mix and their effect on pre diabetic subjects. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Size. Abbreviations given in Figures 28: PM, Pearl millet; FM, Finger millet; DFM, Decorticated finger millet; ER, Expanded rice; WFM, Whole finger millet; GFM, Germinated finger millet; A vs. B, After vs. Before; SMY, Soya milk yoghurt; FMMY, Finger millet milk yoghurt; P, Probiotic; FTM, Foxtail millet; WB, White bread; KM, Kodo millet; KM-SU, Kodo millet sewai upma; RW-SU, Refined wheat sewai upma; SGG, Split green gram; WGG, Whole green gram; MM, Mixed millet; NM, Non-millet; FMFU, Finger millet flakes upma; FMVU, Finger millet vermicelli upma; RSR, Raw small roasted; RSU, Raw small unroasted; RLR, Raw large roasted; RLU, Raw large unroasted; RPSR, Raw parboiled small roasted; RPSU, Raw parboiled small unroasted; RPLR, Raw parboiled large roasted; RPLU, Raw parboiled large unroasted; FME, Finger millet extruded; FMB, Finger millet ball; SGF, Stone ground flour; KM, Kodo millet; MM, Mixed millet; FTM, Foxtail millet; BM, Barnyard millet. (2013) 2:204. However, more studies are needed to reconfirm this. Effect of long term consumption of millet on HbA1c levels in pre-diabetic and diabetic subjects compared to the control group consuming a regular diet or pre vs post intervention comparison. The effects of crop choice on GI values compared with maize, using ordinary least squares with cluster-robust standard errors. Narayanan J, Sanjeevi V, Rohini U, Trueman P, Viswanathan V. Postprandial glycaemic response of foxtail millet dosa in comparison to a rice dosa in patients with type 2 diabetes. Effect of different milling methods on glycaemic response of foods made with finger millet (Eucenea coracana) flour. Food Sci Nutr. Overall, there was a 15% reduction in HbA1c level (from 8.1 1.0 to 7.0 1.4%). Occurrence of aflatoxins and its management in diverse cropping systems of central Tanzania. Millets (including sorghum) are known to be highly nutritious besides having a low carbon footprint and the ability to survive in high temperatures with minimal water. The great variability in using control food further reduced the sample size corresponding to each control. A meta-analysis also showed that all millets had significantly (p < 0.01) lower GI than white rice, refined wheat, standard glucose or white wheat bread except little millet which had inconsistent data.
